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Long-term climate risk, particularly heat exposure, also carries socio-economic consequences, threatening jobs, livelihoods and economic growth if unchecked.

At the heart of the reform is a graded penalty structure designed to deter non-compliance. According to provisions in the bill, institutions found violating regulatory standards could face fines starting at ₹10 lakh.

The minister said that the government is also pursuing new free trade agreements and working to improve the utilisation of existing FTAs.

The case has sparked alarm about shrinking civic space, erosion of rule of law and misuse of cybercrime legislation to criminalise dissent.

With humanitarian funding dwindling, critical supplementary feeding programmes risk being scaled back or halted altogether.

The financing will advance initiatives under India’s national flagship programmes in skilling and rooftop solar deployment along with projects supporting healthcare, metro development and ecotourism promotion across three states.

Despite the obstacles, Pakistan has shown significant reductions in reported polio cases in recent years, though sporadic outbreaks serve as stark reminders of how tenuous progress can be.

Experts argue that building resilience requires integrated approaches that blend disaster risk reduction with ecosystem conservation.