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    UN Initiative to Counter Climate Disinformation

    OWSA Contributor
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    UN Initiative to Counter Climate Disinformation

    As the dangers posed by climate change become increasingly evident worldwide, the need for reliable and accurate information on the impact of the environmental crisis is more crucial than ever. 

    To address this, the United Nations, together with the Organization’s education and science agency, UNESCO and the Brazilian government, launched the Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change on Tuesday.

    The joint effort announced at the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Brazil aims to strengthen research and measures to address all disinformation which has the effect of delaying or derailing climate action.

    Speaking at the G20 Session on Sustainable Development and Energy Transition, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that the initiative will “work with researchers and partners to strengthen action against climate disinformation”.

    “Coordinated disinformation campaigns are impeding global progress on climate change” he added in a social media post.

    Time running out

    At a time when scientists are warning that the world is running out of time, the initiative will boost support for urgent climate action.

    “We must fight the coordinated disinformation campaigns impeding global progress on climate change, ranging from outright denial to greenwashing to harassment of climate scientists”, said Mr. Guterres.

    Aiming to expand the scope of research into climate disinformation and its impacts, the effort will gather evidence from around the world to inform and bolster strategic action, advocacy and communications.

    Speaking at the launch, UNESCO’s Director-General Audrey Azoulay said that “without access to reliable information about this existential challenge, we can never hope to overcome it”.

    Full court press

    Underlining the role of journalists in demanding accountability from diverse stakeholders, including businesses and governments, Ms. Azoulay added that the press “acts as a bridge between science and society” – a bridge that is “needed” she stressed.

    “Through this initiative, we will support the journalists and researchers investigating climate issues, sometimes at great risk to themselves, and fight the climate-related disinformation running rampant on social media,” she urged.

    The initiative is a response to the commitment in the Global Digital Compact, adopted by UN Members States in September, at the Summit of the Future, which encourages UN entities, in collaboration with Governments and relevant stakeholders, to assess the impact of mis- and disinformation on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

    Countries’ commitment

    Countries signing on will contribute to a UNESCO-administered fund, with a goal of raising an initial $10 to $15 million over the next 36 months, to be distributed as grants to non-governmental organizations to support their work.

    This will include researching climate information integrity, developing communication strategies as well as public awareness campaigns.

    So far, Chile, Denmark, France, Morocco, the United Kingdom and Sweden have already confirmed participation.

    As stated by Brazil’s President Lula da Silva, “actions to combat climate change are also greatly affected by denialism and disinformation. Countries cannot tackle this problem individually.

    “This initiative will bring together countries, international organizations, and networks of researchers to support joint efforts to tackle disinformation and promote actions in preparation for COP30 in Brazil”.

    Rapid spread

    Climate disinformation has found a home in particular on social media, messaging apps, and through generative AI.

    According to UNESCO, this phenomenon has several serious impacts: it undermines scientific consensus, obstructs authorities’ ability to respond effectively to the crisis, and threatens the safety of journalists and environmental defenders working on the frontlines.

    The risk posed by disinformation to achieving climate goals has been recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which stated in 2022 that “deliberate undermining of science” was contributing to “misperceptions of the scientific consensus, uncertainty, disregarded risk and urgency, and dissent.”

    Imran Khan’s Detention Sparks Massive Protests in Islamabad

    OWSA Contributor
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    Imran Khan’s Detention Sparks Massive Protests in Islamabad

    As Pakistan watches closely as the struggle over Imran Khan’s detention becoming a focal point of the nation’s deepening political crisis, media observers say that the government has scored a self goal by locking up half the country.

    Thousands of supporters of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party have taken to Islamabad’s streets, demanding the release of former Prime Minister Imran Khan. Khan, who was arrested earlier this month on corruption charges, remains detained while his supporters have called for country-wide protests for his freedom. The demonstrations, centred at the iconic D-Chowk, underscore the volatile political climate in Pakistan, as opposition voices clash with government authorities over the treatment of the former leader.

    The PTI has vowed to continue its protests until Khan is released unconditionally, accusing the government of orchestrating politically motivated charges. The party, which once led the country under Khan’s leadership, views his detention as an assault on democracy and political dissent.

    Protests at D-Chowk

    Since Khan’s arrest, PTI supporters have camped in the capital, transforming D-Chowk into a hub of protest activity. Demonstrators have been vocal yet largely peaceful, carrying banners and chanting slogans in favour of their leader. However, isolated clashes with security forces have been reported. Authorities have bolstered security in the area, deploying police and military personnel to maintain order.

    Media coverage of the protests has faced restrictions, with PTI leaders accusing the government of censorship to suppress dissent. Despite these limitations, videos and photos of the gathering have circulated widely on social media, further galvanizing Khan’s supporters.

    PTI Sets Conditions for Negotiations

    PTI officials have declared that any negotiations with the government are contingent upon the release of Khan and other detained party members. “Dialogue can only proceed if the regime shows good faith by freeing our leaders,” said a senior PTI spokesperson. They also demanded the withdrawal of cases against Khan, labelling them baseless and politically charged.

    The government, however, has maintained that the charges are legitimate and part of broader efforts to hold public officials accountable for corruption. Analysts suggest that the confrontation has deepened Pakistan’s political polarisation, raising concerns about the potential for escalation.

    Tensions Escalate

    While PTI leaders have called for peaceful demonstrations, tensions have risen as protesters remain steadfast in their demands. Sporadic incidents of violence have led to arrests and injuries, prompting human rights organizations to urge restraint from both sides.

    Security forces have reportedly used tear gas and baton charges to disperse crowds, further fuelling grievances among protesters. D-Chowk, a significant location for political movements, has once again become a symbol of resistance in Pakistan’s charged political landscape.

    Implications for Pakistan

    Meanwhile, Pakistan’s Prime Minister, Shehbaz Sharif, has condemned what he termed was an “attack by protesters”, which the interior minister said resulted in the deaths of at least four security personnel.

    Imran Khan’s detention has ignited a broader debate about the rule of law and the role of the judiciary in Pakistan. Critics of the government argue that the judiciary is being used as a tool to suppress opposition, while supporters claim that no one, regardless of status, should be above accountability.

    The protests come at a critical time for Pakistan, which faces economic challenges and mounting public dissatisfaction with governance. As PTI’s supporters dig in, the stalemate risks prolonging political instability, with potential ramifications for the country’s fragile democracy.

    A Waiting Game

    As the stand-off continues, PTI workers and supporters have shown no signs of backing down. Demonstrators have pledged to remain at D-Chowk for as long as necessary, turning the protest into a test of endurance. “We will not leave until our leader is free,” said a protester.

    Meanwhile, with the protests spreading across the country, the government has warned of stricter measures if the protests disrupt public order, creating a precarious situation with no immediate resolution in sight.

    As Pakistan watches closely as the struggle over Imran Khan’s detention becoming a focal point of the nation’s deepening political crisis, media observers say that the government has scored a self goal by locking up half the country.

    Senior journalist Arifa Noor, writing for the Dawn newspaper observed, “there is merit to the argument that the lockdown in itself is a defeat for the government for it shows not just nervousness but also puts paid to its claims of a healthy economy with interest from investors abroad.”

    She writes that the PTI’s journey to Islamabad is making leisurely progress, and the party is “comfortable in the knowledge that the government is scoring an own goal by locking up half the country, leading to economic losses as well as running the risk of shortages of necessities in urban centres.”

    Image: Umar Bacha

    Sri Lanka Sees 10th Consecutive Week of Offshore Inflows into Government Securities

    OWSA Contributor
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    Sri Lanka Sees 10th Consecutive Week of Offshore Inflows into Government Securities

    The recent uptick in foreign investment marks a notable turnaround from earlier in the year when Sri Lanka experienced a 66 per cent outflow, equivalent to 78.1 billion rupees, from government securities during the first nine months.

    Sri Lanka recorded offshore inflows into its government securities for the 10th consecutive week ending November 21, driven by speculation over a potential rate cut and a strengthening rupee, according to data from the Central Bank of Sri Lanka.

    Foreign investors injected 702 million rupees ($2.38 million) into treasury bonds and bills during the week, pushing the cumulative inflows over the past 10 weeks to 16.2 billion rupees ($55 million). By November 21, the total foreign-held value of Sri Lankan government securities stood at 55.55 billion rupees.

    Analysts attribute the sustained inflows to expectations of a rate cut in the upcoming Monetary Policy Review meeting on Tuesday, with the Central Bank set to announce its decision on Wednesday, November 27. A currency dealer noted that investors anticipate capital gains through rupee appreciation and falling market interest rates, creating a favorable environment for investment.

    Entrenched Corruption

    Sri Lanka’s deflationary policies and reduced imports have also contributed to the recent inflows, analysts say. The country’s economic trajectory has seen improvement following a decisive electoral victory by the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP)-led National People’s Power (NPP) coalition, headed by Anura Kumara Dissanayake.

    The NPP secured 159 seats in the 225-member parliament during the November 14 elections, marking a strong mandate. President Dissanayake’s administration has pledged to address entrenched corruption while adhering to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan program.

    Despite the political transition, Sri Lanka has maintained its economic policies, providing reassurance to investors. Analysts suggest the stability and anti-corruption stance of the new government could further bolster investor confidence.

    This recent uptick in foreign investment marks a notable turnaround from earlier in the year when Sri Lanka experienced a 66 per cent outflow, equivalent to 78.1 billion rupees, from government securities during the first nine months.

    The continued inflows signal growing confidence in Sri Lanka’s financial recovery, with the monetary policy decision this week poised to play a pivotal role in shaping future investor sentiment.

    Bangladesh Pledges Labour Reforms to Attract Global Buyers

    OWSA Contributor
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    Bangladesh Pledges Labour Reforms to Attract Global Buyers

    The US delegation praised the Interim Government’s initiatives, including an 18-point agreement with local unions, which they described as a significant step towards progress.

    Bangladesh’s Chief Adviser, Muhammad Yunus, affirmed the Interim Government’s commitment to comprehensive labour reforms during a high-level meeting with a United States labour and brand delegation at his Tejgaon office on Monday.

    The delegation, which included Thea Mei Lee, Deputy Undersecretary of the US Department of Labour, and Kelly Fay Rodriguez, Special Representative for International Labour Affairs, discussed pressing labour issues and voiced support for Bangladesh’s reform agenda.

    “We aim to align our labour laws with global standards. This is my commitment,” Yunus stated, emphasizing the government’s dedication to creating worker-friendly conditions. To accelerate these efforts, a special envoy has been appointed to address labour concerns raised by international bodies and rights groups.

    The US delegation praised the Interim Government’s initiatives, including an 18-point agreement with local unions, which they described as a significant step towards progress. “These measures are a testament to what has been achieved in the past three and a half months,” said Rodriguez.

    Major US Brands

    The visiting officials advocated for annual wage reviews and the promotion of union rights to protect garment and footwear workers from inflation. “Decent minimum wages benefit both businesses and the economy,” noted Lee, highlighting unions as “training grounds for democracy.”

    Representatives from major US brands, including PVH, Calvin Klein, and Gap Inc., attended the meeting, expressing their endorsement of the reform agenda. Michael Bride, Senior Vice President of PVH Corp., commended Bangladesh’s efforts, citing similar reforms in Cambodia as a precedent.

    Professor Yunus urged international brands to announce price increases for their orders annually, enabling local manufacturers to adjust worker wages accordingly.

    US Charge d’Affaires Meghan Bouldeb reiterated Washington’s full support for the reform initiatives. “We want to be partners with you,” she said, underscoring the importance of collaborative efforts to improve labour conditions.

    The meeting marks a crucial step in Bangladesh’s bid to bolster its labour framework, ensuring sustainable growth and attracting global buyers to its thriving garment industry.

    Ensuring Violence-Free Homes for Sri Lankan Women

    Inter Press Service
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    Ensuring Violence-Free Homes for Sri Lankan Women

    The International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, observed on November 25th, 2024, serves as a significant platform to raise awareness about gender-based violence. Globally, one in three women experiences physical or sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner.

    By Shihana Mohamed

    A woman’s right to live free from violence is upheld by international agreements like the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the 1993 UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women.

    The International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, observed on November 25th, 2024, serves as a significant platform to raise awareness about gender-based violence. Globally, one in three women experiences physical or sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner.

    In his message for the 2024 International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated, “The epidemic of violence against women and girls shames humanity. Every day, on average, 140 women and girls are killed by someone in their own family.

    Around one in three women still experience physical or sexual violence. Almost 30 years since the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action promised to prevent and eliminate violence against women and girls — it’s beyond time to deliver”.

    Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health and human rights concern and affects millions of women worldwide, often remaining underreported and behind closed doors. IPV is particularly acute in South Asia where 35% of ever-partnered women reported experiencing IPV in their lifetime, compared to 20% in Western Europe and 21% in high-income Asia Pacific.

    The reasons are complex and include a combination of socio-economic structures, patriarchal attitudes, and prevalent social norms that define gender roles. IPV remains a largely hidden and stigmatized issue, with many women suffering in silence in South Asia.

    Significantly Underreported

    IPV in Sri Lanka is a significant and pervasive issue. An estimated 40 per cent of women aged 15 years or older reported experiencing physical, sexual, emotional, and/or economic violence or controlling behaviours by a partner in their lifetime. Disturbingly, 21 per cent of the population, or about 4.6 million women, are affected by IPV, given that women constitute 52 per cent of Sri Lanka’s 23.1 million population.

    These figures reflect reported cases, but IPV is significantly underreported due to fear of stigma, lack of awareness about available support services, and reluctance to involve authorities in family matters. Many women fear retaliation from their abusers or social ostracism if they speak out.

    The Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), passed in 2005, provides legal protection for victims of domestic violence in Sri Lanka, allowing them to obtain protection orders against their abusers. The PDVA defines domestic violence as “physical or emotional harm done by a spouse, ex-spouse, or cohabiting partner.” However, its effectiveness has been criticized due to issues with enforcement and limited awareness among both victims and law enforcement.

    Despite high levels of educational attainment, 73.5 per cent of Sri Lankan women of working age are out of the labour force, compared to just 26.5 per cent of men. This is mainly due to their engagement in household duties, including care work. Aggravating this situation, women on average earn 27 per cent less than men for one hour of work.

    Consequently, many women economically depend on their partners, making it hard to leave abusive relationships. Especially in rural areas, they may lack financial resources or social support to escape violence. This financial vulnerability is a key barrier to addressing IPV in Sri Lanka. Empowering women economically and socially can reduce their dependency on abusive partners.

    Prioritize Violence Reduction

    Among Sri Lankan faith-based communities such as Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus, and Christians, religious leaders are influential authorities on behaviour and sources of guidance on proper conduct in relationships, including family and marriage. Therefore, they can play a crucial role in motivating men to cede power and reduce IPV.

    This approach, guided more by principles of peace and social justice than by a rights agenda, cannot replace rights-based solutions to end IPV. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage and promote collaboration between faith-based and rights-based organizations to address and end violence against women and girls in Sri Lanka.

    Various research shows that the ethnic dimensions of the civil war and the continuing ethnic tensions post-war have worsened the situation for Tamil and Muslim women in Sri Lanka, creating conditions that are likely to keep them entrapped in abusive relationships.

    There are also strong associations between IPV and suicidal behavior in Sri Lanka, signalling the need to prioritize violence reduction both on its own and within national suicide prevention strategies.

    Empowering women, educating communities, and involving men in the conversation are essential steps toward reducing IPV in Sri Lanka. NGOs like the Women’s Education and Research Centre and international organizations run awareness campaigns to educate people about IPV, its harmful effects, legal rights, and available support services.

    These campaigns also engage men and boys in discussions about gender equality and the unacceptability of IPV. The goal is to change societal attitudes that contribute to IPV and make men active partners in promoting non-violent relationships.

    One-Stop Crisis Centre model

    In Sri Lanka, several support systems are in place for victims of IPV. Various community organizations and NGOs provide localized support, including shelters and legal aid. The Ministry of Women and Child Affairs operates a toll-free helpline (Dial 1938) that offers counselling and legal support to victims of violence.

    Health-sector responses to support women experiencing IPV in Sri Lanka are evolving and currently include two models of integration: GBV desks with facility-level integration, and Mithuru Piyasa, a modified One-Stop Crisis Centre model with some system-wide integration. Additionally, the Ministry of Health has implemented training programs for public health midwives to improve their ability to identify and assist IPV victims.

    IPV remains a critical issue in Sri Lanka, influenced by socio-cultural, economic, and legal factors. An effective coordination and information sharing mechanism among the ministries of Health, Women and Child Affairs, and Public Security, at both state and local levels is essential to provide immediate support and empower women experiencing IPV.

    Traditional cultural norms in Sri Lanka often view gender roles as rigid, expecting women to be submissive and take on domestic responsibilities. These norms can contribute to the normalization of IPV and limit women’s ability to seek help.

    IPV is often seen as a private matter, with victims frequently facing pressure to stay silent. By tackling the economic, political, social, cultural, and other systemic factors that enable IPV, we can create a safer and more equitable environment for all women in Sri Lanka.

    Sri Lankan women deserve the fundamental right to a violence-free home life. Achieving this necessitates a unified approach to challenge and transform harmful social norms, enhance the availability and accessibility of support services, and rigorously enforce existing laws.

    Only through these coordinated efforts can we create a safer and more equitable society for all women in Sri Lanka.

    Image: The AKASA safe house is seen in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. August 2023. Credit: UN Women / Ravindra Rohana

    Shihana Mohamed, a Sri Lankan national, is a founding member and Coordinator of the United Nations Asia Network for Diversity and Inclusion (UN-ANDI) and a US Public Voices Fellow with The OpEd Project and Equality Now on Advancing the Rights of Women and Girls. She is a dedicated human rights activist and a strong advocate for gender equality and the advancement of women.

    Delhi Schools Reopening: Supreme Court Asks CAQM to Reconsider Closure

    OWSA Staff
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    Delhi Schools Reopening: Supreme Court Asks CAQM to Reconsider Closure

    The possibility of reopening schools under Stage III of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) was also proposed. This stage would allow schools to resume physical classes with some pollution control measures in place.

    The Supreme Court of India has cast doubt on the continued closure of schools in Delhi-NCR due to air pollution. In a hearing today, the court directed the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) to review its decision, particularly for grades 10 to 12.

    The Bench, comprising Justices Abhay S. Oka and Augustine George Masih, highlighted concerns about the impact of school closures on students. They noted that many children rely on school for their daily mid-day meals, which are unavailable during closures. Additionally, the court questioned whether air quality at home is necessarily better than in schools, especially for students who lack access to air purifiers.

    “A significant number of students do not have air purifiers at home,” Justice Oka observed, suggesting that staying home might not offer much protection from pollution.

    The court emphasized the urgency of a decision and requested the CAQM to re-evaluate the closure policy by tomorrow. The possibility of reopening schools under Stage III of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) was also proposed. This stage would allow schools to resume physical classes with some pollution control measures in place.

    However, the Supreme Court maintained a firm stance on stricter GRAP-4 restrictions currently in effect. These restrictions, aimed at curbing the severe air pollution in Delhi, include a ban on construction activities and the entry of certain types of trucks. The court expressed dissatisfaction with the implementation of these measures and urged authorities for stricter enforcement.

    The CAQM’s decision on school reopening is expected by tomorrow. While the court’s intervention offers hope for students eager to return to physical classes, the final call rests with the air quality management commission. Delhi residents await further developments as the battle against air pollution continues.

    Image: Wikimedia

    Who Should Pay for Climate Loss and Damage?

    Inter Press Service
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    Who Should Pay for Climate Loss and Damage?

    A climate damages tax imposed across wealthy OECD countries, increasing annually by US$5 per tonne of CO2-equivalent based on the volumes of oil and gas extracted, could play an essential role in financing climate action.

    By Abdoulaye Diallo

    At the UN climate change conference in Baku (COP29), government officials are scrambling for an agreement on a new climate financial package. There is a well established consensus that the climate crisis is exacerbating the hardships of vulnerable communities around the world. The question now is who’s going to pay for the staggering costs?

    A small tax on just seven of the world’s biggest oil and gas companies could grow the UN Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage by more than 2000 per cent, as shown in an analysis by environmental organisations Greenpeace International and Stamp Out Poverty. Taxing last year’s revenues of major oil companies could help cover the costs of some of this year’s worst weather events attributed to climate change.

    Taxing ExxonMobil’s 2023 extraction could pay for half the cost of Hurricane Beryl, which ravaged large parts of the Caribbean, Mexico and the USA. Taxing Shell’s 2023 extraction could cover much of Typhoon Carina’s damages, one of the worst that the Philippines experienced this year. Taxing TotalEnergies’ 2023 extraction could cover over 30 times Kenya’s 2024 floods.

    Climate Damages Tax

    A Climate Damages Tax (CDT) could deliver desperately needed resources for communities and authorities who are on the front lines of the climate crisis, made worse by dirty energy companies. Companies which, together, earned almost US$150 billion last year.

    So, what could a long term tax on fossil fuel extraction, combined with taxes on excess profits and other levies, deliver? A climate damages tax imposed across wealthy OECD countries, increasing annually by US$5 per tonne of CO2-equivalent based on the volumes of oil and gas extracted, could play an essential role in financing climate action.

    It could raise an estimated US$900 billion by 2030 to support governments and communities around the world as they face growing climate impacts.

    Who should pay? This is fundamentally an issue of climate justice and it is time to shift the financial burden for the climate crisis from its victims to those responsible for it. There is an urgent need for innovative solutions to raise the funds to meet the challenge posed by climate loss and damage. Governments worldwide must adopt the climate damages tax and other mechanisms to extract revenue from the oil and gas industry.

    The data clearly shows Big Oil’s complicity in the crisis we’re in, but to truly deliver climate justice the numbers are never enough.

    That’s why our call to make climate polluters pay comes at the conclusion of three weeks of protests, in which survivors of floods and other extreme weather events have stood with Greenpeace activists. Together, activists delivered to offices of dirty energy companies (e.g, TotalEnergies, Eni, Equinor, OMV) containers full of broken toys and family photos, furniture, appliances, and other remnants of personal and communal tragedy, which became far worse because of Big Oil’s ever growing production of oil and gas.

    For governments to finally force climate polluters to stop drilling and start paying, we should all raise our voice.

    Abdoulaye Diallo is Co-Head of Greenpeace International’s Stop Drilling Start Paying project

    This piece has been sourced from Inter Press Service.

    Should Sri Lanka Import 70,000 Metric Tonnes of Rice? Is There a Market Shortage?

    OWSA Contributor
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    Should Sri Lanka Import 70,000 Metric Tonnes of Rice? Is There a Market Shortage?

    Experts say that as Sri Lanka’s production outlook improves, the new government must seize the opportunity to reform the agricultural sector. This includes investing in infrastructure, regulating market practices, and ensuring that the benefits of self-sufficiency are felt by farmers and consumers alike.

    By Dushyanthi Wikramsinghe

    Sri Lanka is set to import 70,000 metric tonnes of rice to address a growing shortage in the domestic market, Trade, Commerce, Food Security, and Cooperative Development Minister Wasantha Samarasinghe announced. Despite a reported surplus in rice production this year, the staple grain has become scarce in local markets.

    “The farmer has no paddy, and the consumer has no rice,” Samarasinghe stated during a press briefing. “The best decision we can take in this situation is to import rice to meet the demand.”

    The imports will be handled by state-run entities, including Sathosa and the State Trading Corporation, to stabilize supply and prevent further price hikes.

    A Confusing Surplus

    According to former Director of Agriculture, K. B. Gunaratne, to achieve this target, an additional 200,000 metric tons of paddy must be produced each month; totalling 2.4 million metric tons annually. Furthermore, to support this target, approximately 3.7 million metric tons of paddy are required each year.

    Sri Lanka’s agriculture data suggests that the nation should be self-sufficient in rice. The country produced 2.42 million metric tonnes of rice in the Maha season and 1.24 million metric tonnes in the Yala season, totaling 2.88 million metric tonnes for 2023. This output, based on consumption trends, should have left a surplus of 420,000 metric tonnes.

    However, a disconnect between production and distribution has led to a shortage in markets, raising questions about inefficiencies in storage, transport, and market regulation.

    Experts have highlighted the dominance of a “rice monopoly,” where large-scale mill owners control pricing and distribution. Despite government guarantees for a minimum paddy price, private mill owners often purchase at reduced rates, creating disparities in market access.

    Production Projections for 2024

    If Sri Lanka was self-sufficient in rice, there would be no need to import even a single grain. Yet, in 2023, 28,380 metric tons of rice were imported, costing 6,091 million rupees. Despite this, in January 2024, former Agriculture Minister Mahinda Amaraweera claimed that the country was self-sufficient in rice.

    Looking ahead, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) predicts a strong recovery for Sri Lanka’s rice production. Paddy harvests are expected to reach 5.02 million metric tonnes in the 2024/2025 market year, supported by favorable weather conditions and lower fertilizer costs. The government has also expressed hope for an increase in milled rice output to 3.42 million metric tonnes.

    Nevertheless, the country faces structural challenges. Paddy production needs to grow by at least 3 per cent annually to match rising per capita consumption, which has climbed to 114 kilograms following the COVID-19 pandemic. Achieving this target would require cultivating 1.3 million hectares annually across the Yala and Maha seasons, which is feasible given Sri Lanka’s agricultural potential.

    The Economic Toll of the Rice Crisis

    The ongoing rice crisis highlights the fragile state of Sri Lanka’s economy and food security. A recent survey by the World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization found that food insecurity has risen sharply, with 24 per cent of families now struggling to afford basic meals.

    Rising costs have further compounded the problem. Families now spend up to 75 per cent of their income on food, while rice prices have surged to over Rs. 220 per kilogram in local markets. These prices are significantly higher than the Rs. 150-160 range that experts believe would be achievable with government intervention and better market regulation.

    Breaking the Monopoly

    The dominance of a few large-scale mill owners exacerbates the rice crisis. These mill owners profit regardless of weather conditions, elections, or market disruptions. By purchasing paddy at low prices and hoarding supplies, they manipulate market dynamics to their advantage.

    In contrast, smaller mill owners have offered rice at more affordable prices, but their operations are often overshadowed by the political influence of larger players.

    Reforming the system requires significant government intervention. Reviving defunct institutions such as the Paddy Marketing Board and cooperative societies could restore fair pricing mechanisms and ensure that farmers and consumers are better protected.

    Long-Term Solutions

    For Sri Lanka to truly achieve self-sufficiency in rice production, the government must prioritize sustainable and scientific farming methods, say experts. Modernising paddy milling facilities, providing subsidies for agricultural machinery, and encouraging the cultivation of export-grade rice are critical steps.

    Additionally, strengthening the agricultural policy framework to address inefficiencies and monopolistic practices is essential. Ensuring that at least 10 per cent of annual paddy production is controlled by the government could stabilize prices and break the stranglehold of private mill owners.

    A Path Forward

    The rice crisis in Sri Lanka underscores the need for a balanced approach that addresses both short-term shortages and long-term structural issues. Importing 70,000 metric tonnes of rice is a necessary step to ease immediate pressure on consumers, but it is not a sustainable solution.

    Experts say that as Sri Lanka’s production outlook improves, the new government must seize the opportunity to reform the agricultural sector. This includes investing in infrastructure, regulating market practices, and ensuring that the benefits of self-sufficiency are felt by farmers and consumers alike.

    Without decisive action, the cycle of scarcity and surplus will continue to strain the nation’s food security, leaving millions vulnerable to rising costs and inadequate nutrition.

    Nepal’s Public Debt Soars: Reaching 44 per cent of GDP, Experts Urge Fiscal Prudence

    OWSA Contributor
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    Nepal’s Public Debt Soars: Reaching 44 per cent of GDP, Experts Urge Fiscal Prudence

    Economists advocate for reducing reliance on debt to fund administrative expenses. Instead, they say, funds should be funnelled into projects that stimulate economic growth, generate employment, and improve productivity.

    By Laxmi Khanal

    Nepal’s public debt has surged by Rs 84 billion in the first four months of the current fiscal year (2081-82 BS/2024-25), pushing the total national debt to a staggering Rs 2.518 trillion, or 44.94 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This alarming rise has reignited discussions about fiscal sustainability and the nation’s growing dependence on borrowing.

    Experts say that Nepal’s rising public debt is a symptom of deeper fiscal and economic challenges. They say that while the government has ambitious borrowing targets to support infrastructure and other projects, its growing liabilities highlight the urgent need for fiscal discipline and strategic investment.

    Now, as the debt burden approaches critical levels, a balanced approach—prioritizing sustainable growth while avoiding reckless borrowing—will be key to securing Nepal’s economic future.

    Debt on the Rise

    According to the Public Debt Management Office (PDMO), Nepal’s public debt stood at Rs 2.434 trillion at the start of the fiscal year. By mid-November, it had climbed to Rs 2.518 trillion, fueled by both internal and external borrowing. Of this, Rs 1.252 trillion comes from domestic loans, accounting for 21.95 per cent of GDP, while Rs 1.266 trillion is from external loans, representing 22.19 per cent of GDP.

    This fiscal year, the government aims to mobilize Rs 547 billion in total loans. By mid-November, Rs 165.72 billion, or 30.30 per cent of the target, had been raised. While domestic borrowing reached Rs 144 billion, or 43.64 per cent of the target, external borrowing lagged significantly, with only Rs 21.72 billion, or 10.1 per cent, mobilized.

    Rising Costs and Challenges

    The government’s escalating debt burden reflects a combination of administrative inefficiencies, weak revenue collection, and external factors. In October alone, Nepal’s debt liability increased by Rs 41.11 billion, driven partly by the depreciation of the Nepali rupee against the US dollar, which added an additional Rs 16.79 billion to the burden.

    By the end of FY 2023/24, public debt had already doubled over five years, from Rs 1.048 trillion in FY 2018/19 to Rs 2.434 trillion. This dramatic increase underscores Nepal’s reliance on borrowing to finance administrative and developmental expenditures.

    The government spent Rs 108.14 billion on debt repayment — comprising principal and interest payments — by mid-November this year. This highlights the strain on resources for other priority sectors.

    Economic Implications

    The growing debt is causing concern among economists, who caution against its long-term implications. While the government maintains that the current debt level is “manageable,” experts warn of the dangers of borrowing primarily to cover routine administrative costs rather than investing in high-return infrastructure and development projects.

    Speaking to the House of Representatives, Finance Minister Bishnu Prasad Paudel acknowledged the rising debt but called for prudence. “The government must ensure that borrowed funds are directed toward projects with high economic returns,” he emphasized.

    Nepal’s debt-to-GDP ratio currently stands at 44.94 per cent, inching closer to the International Monetary Fund’s recommended threshold of 50 per cent for developing economies. However, projections suggest the ratio may stabilize over the next five years. According to a forecast, Nepal’s debt-to-GDP ratio could decrease to 48.44 per cent by 2029, contingent on sustained economic growth and disciplined fiscal policies.

    A Broader Context

    Nepal’s debt trajectory aligns with global trends among developing nations, which have seen rising public debt due to post-pandemic recovery efforts, inflationary pressures, and currency devaluations. Nepal’s external debt reached an all-time high of $10 billion in late 2023, compared to a low of $3.5 billion in 2013.

    Despite this, the pace of external borrowing has slowed. Between July and mid-August 2024, the government secured Rs 43.59 billion in loans, with Rs 40 billion from domestic sources and Rs 3.59 billion from international lenders. During the same period, Rs 19.27 billion was spent on repayments, underscoring the cyclical nature of debt accumulation and settlement.

    To address its mounting fiscal challenges, the government must enhance its revenue collection mechanisms while curbing non-essential expenditures say experts. The tax base remains narrow, and sluggish economic growth has exacerbated the budgetary shortfalls.

    Economists advocate for reducing reliance on debt to fund administrative expenses. Instead, they say, funds should be funnelled into projects that stimulate economic growth, generate employment, and improve productivity. They warn that without such structural reforms, Nepal risks falling into a debt trap where repayments consume an ever-larger share of the national budget, leaving limited room for developmental initiatives.

    India: On the Road to Clean Energy, SECI signs MoU to promote Green Hydrogen Initiatives

    OWSA Staff
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    India: On the Road to Clean Energy, SECI signs MoU to promote Green Hydrogen Initiatives

    Several major Green Hydrogen projects are already underway across India, showcasing the country’s commitment to its clean energy targets. These projects pave the way for a greener future powered by innovation and sustainability.

    Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd (SECI), under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, signed a MoU with H2Global Stiftung to establish a collaborative framework to promote Green Hydrogen initiatives. This aims to enhance knowledge exchange on market-based mechanisms and foster cooperation between India and importing countries, thereby contributing to the global advancement of the green hydrogen economy.

    This collaboration offers India the opportunity to work on joint tender design concepts, particularly in structuring joint tenders that aligns with India’s ambition to become export hub of Green Hydrogen and its derivatives. The cooperation may provide valuable insights into global hydrogen market dynamics, including trade logistics and stakeholder engagement, which can be instrumental in furthering India’s green hydrogen initiatives.

    The world faces a pressing challenge: Decarbonisation. To combat climate change, nations around the globe are striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition towards cleaner energy sources. International conferences like COP 26 (2021) and COP 28 (2023) have played a crucial role in fostering global collaboration on this front.

    National Green Hydrogen Mission

    In this context, Green Hydrogen emerges as a game-changer. Produced using renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro and biomass, Green Hydrogen offers a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. However, large-scale production necessitates significant renewable energy capacity. Recognizing this potential, India launched the National Green Hydrogen Mission in 2023. This ambitious mission aims to establish India as a global hub for Green Hydrogen production, usage, and export.

    The mission seeks to:

    • Drive down production costs through financial incentives for electrolyser manufacturing and Green Hydrogen production.
    • Boost domestic demand by mandating minimum Green Hydrogen consumption in specific sectors.  
    • Facilitate exports by establishing supportive policies and strategic partnerships.

    The government of India already has a strong focus on renewable energy with ambitious targets for capacity expansion. This focus on renewables is crucial for powering Green Hydrogen production and achieving the mission’s goals. The economic potential of Green Hydrogen in India is significant and the mission projects creation of millions of jobs, attracting substantial investments, and reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports. This economic development will contribute to India’s overall energy security.

    Several major Green Hydrogen projects (Pilot and Commercial) are already underway across India, showcasing the country’s commitment to its clean energy targets. These projects pave the way for a greener future powered by innovation and sustainability. Financing Green Hydrogen and Renewable Energy projects requires a multi-pronged approach. Traditional methods remain important, but innovative solutions and supportive policies are crucial to unlock the full potential of clean energy investments.

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