This latest flare-up is symptomatic of deeper issues: mutual distrust, unresolved border disputes, and the enduring legacy of the US-led war in Afghanistan. Pakistan has repeatedly accused the Taliban of harbouring militants, while Kabul counters that Islamabad’s policies have fuelled instability.
Despite the Islamic State’s setbacks in the Middle East, the assessment reveals that ISIS-K remains operationally capable and aggressive, leveraging its influence beyond South Asia to inspire and enable attacks across the globe.