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    Could We Make Cars Out Of Petroleum Residue?

    FeaturesCould We Make Cars Out Of Petroleum Residue?
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    Could We Make Cars Out Of Petroleum Residue?

    A new way to make carbon fibre could turn refinery by-products into high-value, ultralight structural materials for cars, aircraft, and spacecraft.

    David L. Chandler   |   MIT News Office

    As the world struggles to improve the efficiency of cars and other vehicles in order to curb greenhouse gas emissions and improve the range of electric vehicles, the search is on for ever-lighter materials that are strong enough to be used in the bodies of cars.

    Lightweight materials made from carbon fibre, similar to the material used for some tennis rackets and bicycles, combine exceptional strength with low weight, but these have been more expensive to produce than comparable structural elements made of steel or aluminium. Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have come up with a way of making these lightweight fibres out of an ultra-cheap feedstock: the heavy, gloppy waste material left over from the refining of petroleum, material that refineries today supply for low-value applications such as asphalt, or eventually treat as waste.

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    Not only is the new carbon fibre cheap to make, but it offers advantages over the traditional carbon fibre materials because it can have compressional strength, meaning it could be used for load-bearing applications. The new process is described today in the journal Science Advances, in a paper by graduate student Asmita Jana, research scientist Nicola Ferralis, professor Jeffrey Grossman, and five others at MIT, Western Research Institute in Wyoming, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee.

    The research began about four years ago in response to a request from the Department of Energy (DOE), which was seeking ways to make cars more efficient and reduce fuel consumption by lowering their overall weight. “If you look at the same model car now, compared to 30 years ago, it’s significantly heavier,” Ferralis says. “The weight of cars has increased more than 15 per cent within the same category.”

    Bottom of the barrel

    A heavier car requires a bigger engine, stronger brakes, and so on, so the reducing the weight of the body or other components has a ripple effect that produces additional weight savings. The DOE is pushing for the development of lightweight structural materials that match the safety of today’s conventional steel panels but also can be made cheaply enough to potentially replace steel altogether in standard vehicles.

    Composites made from carbon fibres are not a new idea, but so far in the automotive world they have only been used in a few very expensive models. The new research aims to turn that around by providing a low-cost starting material and relatively simple processing methods.

    Carbon fibres of the quality needed for automotive use cost at least $10 to $12 per pound currently, Ferralis says, and “can be way more,” up to hundreds of dollars a pound for specialized application like spacecraft components. That compares to about 75 cents a pound for steel, or $2 for aluminum, though these prices fluctuate widely, and the materials often rely on foreign sources. At those prices, he says, making a pickup truck out of carbon fiber instead of steel would roughly double the cost.

    These fibres are typically made from polymers (such as polyacrilonitrile) derived from petroleum, but use a costly intermediate step of polymerizing the carbon compounds. The cost of the polymer can account for more than 60 per cent of the total cost of the final fibre, Ferralis says. Instead of using a refined and processed petroleum product to start with, the team’s new approach uses what is essentially the dregs left after the refining process, a material known as petroleum pitch. “It’s what we sometimes call the bottom of the barrel,” Ferralis says.

    Minimal process

    “Pitch is incredibly messy,” Ferralis says. It’s a hodgepodge of mixed heavy hydrocarbons, and “that’s actually what makes it beautiful in a way, because there’s so much chemistry that can be exploited. That makes it a fascinating material to start with.”

    It’s useless for combustion; although it can burn, it’s too dirty a fuel be practical, and this is especially true with tightening environmental regulations. “There’s so much of it,” he says, “the inherent value of these products is very low, so then it is often landfilled.” An alternative source of pitch, which the team also tested, is coal pitch, a similar material that is a by-product of coking coal, used for example for steel production. That process yields about 80 per cent coke and 20 per cent coal pitch, “which is basically a waste,” he says.

    Working in collaboration with researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, who had the expertise in manufacturing carbon fibres under a variety of conditions, from lab scale all the way up to pilot-plant scale, the team set about finding ways to predict the performance in order to guide the choice of conditions for those fabrication experiments.

    “The process that you need to actually make a carbon fibre [from pitch] is actually extremely minimal, both in terms of energy requirements and in terms of actual processing that you need to do,” Ferralis says.

    Jana explains that pitch is “made of these heterogeneous set of molecules, where you would expect that if you change the shape or size you would expect the properties to change dramatically,” whereas an industrial material needs to have very consistent properties.

    Not just cost effect

    By carefully modelling the ways bonds form and crosslink between the constituent molecules, Jana was able to develop a way of predicting how a given set of processing conditions would affect the resulting fibre properties. “We were able to reproduce the results with such startling accuracy,” she says, “to the point where companies could take those graphs and be able to predict” characteristics such as density and elastic modulus of the fibres.

    The work produced results showing by adjusting the starting conditions, carbon fibres could be made that were not only strong in tension, as most such fibres are, but also strong in compression, meaning they could potentially be used in load-bearing applications. This opens up entirely new possibilities for the usefulness of these materials, they say.

    DOE’s call was for projects to bring the cost of lightweight materials down below US$5 a pound, but the MIT team estimates that their method can to do better than that, reaching something like $3 a pound, though they haven’t yet done a detailed economic analysis.

    “The new route we’re developing is not just a cost effect,” Ferralis says. “It might open up new applications, and it doesn’t have to be vehicles.” Part of the complication of making conventional fibre composites is that the fibres have to be made into a cloth and laid out in precise, detailed patterns. The reason for that, he says, “is to compensate for the lack of compressive strength.” It’s a matter of engineering to overcome the deficiencies of the material, he says, but with the new process all that extra complexity would not be needed.

    The research team included Taishan Zhu and Yanming Wang at MIT, Jeramie Adams at Western Reserve University, and Logan Kearney and Amit Naskar at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

     

    Reprinted with permission of MIT News

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