ESCAP’s new survey says that economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and other global shocks must be anchored in an inclusive “new social contract”, to protect the vulnerable.
Amid continuing uncertainty over the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic and increased global risks, the region’s economic recovery and progress must be anchored in “a new social contract” of inclusiveness to protect the vulnerable from future shocks, according to the Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific for 2022, released today by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP).
The Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific is the UN’s oldest and most comprehensive annual socioeconomic study informing policymaking in the region, first published in 1947. Its latest edition advocates for shifting the tax burden towards high income groups.
With dwindling fiscal space in many developing countries in the region, the survey cautions against cuts in fiscal expenditures on health care, education and social protection in order to protect the development gains of past decades and prevent further deepening of inequalities in the region.
Economic growth in developing countries within the vast region, is projected to fall to 4.5 per cent in 2022 and five per cent during 2023, compared with an estimated growth rate of 7.1 per cent in 2021.
In addition to the pandemic, the report shows that regional economies face several downside risks related to supply constraints, rising inflationary pressures, prospects of increases in interest rates, shrinking fiscal space, and the emerging global economic fallout from the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
$2 trillion loss
The cumulative output loss due to COVID-19 for the region’s developing economies between 2020 and 2022 is estimated to be nearly US$2 trillion.
The pandemic has denied more than 820 million informal workers and over 70 million children in low-income households in the region adequate access to incomes and schooling. An additional 85 million people in Asia and the Pacific had already been pushed back into extreme poverty in 2021.
“As developing countries in the region move ahead with learning to live with COVID-19, balancing the protection of public health and livelihoods, it is time to lay the foundations for a fairer future of equal opportunities and inclusive outcomes,” said Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, United Nations Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ESCAP.
Three-point plan of action
The Commission recommends a “three-pronged policy agenda” aimed at shaping an inclusive economy for the region.
First, instead of reductions, developing countries in the region must tilt public spending towards basic universal health coverage, push further towards universal primary and secondary education, and expand social protection coverage.
The commission argues that “smart” fiscal policies can improve the overall efficiency and impact of public spending and revenue collection. At the same time, new sources of revenue should be explored, such as taxing the digital economy, along with shifting the tax burden towards high income groups.
Secondly, the 2022 survey argues that central banks in the region can and should tilt their traditional monetary policy conduct towards promoting inclusive development. While remaining focused on keeping inflation low and stable, central banks can invest part of official reserves in social bonds, explore how a central bank digital currency can enhance financial access, and encourage more innovative financial instruments to secure a social safety net.
Thirdly, governments can also proactively guide, shape and manage the structural economic transformation process, which is increasingly driven by the digital-robotics-AI revolution, for more inclusive outcomes.
This includes supporting the development of labour-intensive technologies, inclusive access to good-quality education, reskilling, strengthening labour negotiation capacities, and social protection floors.
