type here...
More

    Pashtun Tahafuz Movement Holds Jirga Amid Government Crackdown in Pakistan

    OWSA Contributor
    -
    0
    Pashtun Tahafuz Movement Holds Jirga Amid Government Crackdown in Pakistan

    The outcome of the PTM’s efforts remains uncertain, but one thing is clear: the voices of the Pashtun community are rising, demanding recognition and justice in a landscape often overshadowed by violence and oppression.

    In a significant show of unity and resolve, the Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) gathered hundreds of supporters for a jirga, or tribal council, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province over the weekend, according to a report carried by Radio Liberty.

    This assembly marks a crucial moment for the PTM as it continues to face increasing pressure from the Pakistani government, which has intensified its crackdown on the movement in recent months.

    The PTM, founded in 2018, advocates for the rights of the Pashtun community, addressing issues such as enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and the demand for greater political representation. The recent jirga brought together PTM leaders, activists, and community members who expressed their frustration with ongoing state repression and the lack of accountability for human rights violations in the region.

    Manzoor Pashteen, a prominent leader of the PTM, delivered a passionate address to the attendees, calling for solidarity among Pashtuns and urging them to continue their peaceful struggle for rights and justice. “Our struggle is for our identity, our dignity, and our future,” Radio Liberty quoted Pashteen as saying, highlighting the importance of nonviolent protests and dialogue to address the community’s grievances.

    The event, however, took place under the shadow of a government crackdown that has seen numerous arrests and increased surveillance of PTM activities. Authorities have accused the movement of fomenting unrest and have taken measures to curb its growing influence among the Pashtun population, particularly in the tribal areas that have historically faced military operations and violence.

    Missing, Extrajudicial Killings

    Despite these challenges, the PTM’s leadership remains steadfast. The jirga provided a platform for community members to voice their concerns and discuss strategies for addressing issues such as unemployment, education, and healthcare, which have been exacerbated by years of conflict and military operations in the region.

    Participants shared personal stories of loss and suffering due to the violence and instability that have plagued the Pashtun areas. Many spoke about family members who have gone missing or have been victims of extrajudicial killings, calling for accountability and justice. “We cannot forget our loved ones who have suffered,” said one participant. “We will continue to demand justice until every single one of them is accounted for.”

    The PTM’s emergence has been seen as a response to the historical marginalization of the Pashtun community, particularly following the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan and subsequent military operations in Pakistan. The movement has garnered significant support among young Pashtuns, who are increasingly vocal about their rights and are utilizing social media platforms to amplify their message.

    However, the government’s response has been increasingly hostile. In recent months, authorities have cracked down on PTM rallies, using tactics such as arrests and intimidation to deter activists. The situation has raised alarm among human rights organizations, which warn that such measures threaten freedom of expression and assembly in Pakistan.

    Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have both issued statements condemning the government’s actions against PTM members, calling for an end to the repression and for the protection of civil rights. “The state has a responsibility to listen to the voices of its citizens, not to silence them,” said a representative from Human Rights Watch.

    Need For International Support

    The recent jirga comes at a time of heightened political tension in Pakistan, with various groups facing crackdowns under the pretext of maintaining order and security. Critics argue that the government is using these tactics to stifle dissent and prevent any challenge to its authority.

    As the PTM continues to face adversity, its leaders have emphasized the need for international support. They argue that increased awareness of their plight could pressure the Pakistani government to address their demands and engage in meaningful dialogue. “We want the world to know about our struggle and to stand with us,” Pashteen declared during the jirga.

    The movement’s efforts have not gone unnoticed on the global stage. International media outlets and human rights organizations are beginning to highlight the PTM’s plight, bringing attention to the issues faced by the Pashtun community. Activists hope that this increased visibility will lead to greater pressure on the Pakistani government to uphold human rights and engage with the PTM in a constructive manner.

    Coming Months Pivotal

    In the face of repression, the PTM has remained committed to its core principles of nonviolence and peaceful protest. The jirga served as a reminder of the community’s resilience and determination to continue the struggle for justice. As the movement presses on, it is clear that the road ahead will be fraught with challenges, but the PTM’s supporters are undeterred.

    The outcome of the PTM’s efforts remains uncertain, but one thing is clear: the voices of the Pashtun community are rising, demanding recognition and justice in a landscape often overshadowed by violence and oppression. With the government increasingly wary of the movement’s influence, the coming months will be pivotal in determining the future of the PTM and its fight for the rights of the Pashtun people.

    As this situation evolves, the world will be watching closely to see how the government responds to the PTM’s calls for justice and whether the movement can sustain its momentum in the face of ongoing repression. The jirga highlighted not just the challenges faced by the Pashtun community but also their unwavering resolve to fight for their rights and identity in a country where such struggles often come at a high price.

    Maldives Announces Comprehensive Ban on Vaping Products

    OWSA Contributor
    -
    0
    Maldives Announces Comprehensive Ban on Vaping Products

    As countries continue to grapple with the implications of vaping, the Maldives’ ban signifies a growing movement toward stricter regulations on electronic smoking devices, aiming to safeguard public health, particularly among the youth population.

    The Maldives has taken a decisive step in public health policy by announcing a comprehensive ban on vaping and related products. In an official statement released on Tuesday, President Mohamed Muizzu instructed his administration to implement measures that will prohibit the importation and usage of vaporizer devices across the archipelago.

    Starting November 15, 2024, the importation of vaporizer devices, accessories, and parts will be banned. Following that, beginning December 15, the new regulations will expand to prohibit the possession, use, manufacturing, sale, promotion, and free distribution of these devices throughout the country.

    In support of the president’s directive, Attorney General Ahmed Usham indicated that amendments to existing laws will be presented to parliament within the week. “The necessary amendments to the laws to implement the president’s decision will be sent to parliament this week,” Usham stated on X, using the local language. The proposed changes will involve updates to the Tobacco Control Act and the Export Import Act.

    This bold move comes in response to growing concerns voiced by parents and health service providers regarding the health risks associated with electronic smoking devices. Local media have reported increasing pressure on the government to address the rising prevalence of vaping among youth and its potential health impacts.

    Understanding Vaping

    Vaping refers to the act of inhaling vapour produced by electronic cigarettes or similar devices, which heat a liquid (often called e-liquid or vape juice) that typically contains nicotine, flavourings, and other chemicals. Unlike traditional cigarettes, which burn tobacco, vaping devices use battery-powered heating elements to vaporize the liquid, allowing users to inhale the vapour. While some users believe vaping to be a safer alternative to smoking, concerns remain about the potential health risks, especially among young people.

    As countries continue to grapple with the implications of vaping, the Maldives’ ban signifies a growing movement toward stricter regulations on electronic smoking devices, aiming to safeguard public health, particularly among the youth population.

    Afghanistan: Policewomen Report Past Abuse, Taliban Threats

    OWSA Contributor
    -
    0
    Afghanistan: Policewomen Report Past Abuse, Taliban Threats

    Afghan policewomen have been doubly betrayed, first by the former government, whose officials were responsible for widespread sexual abuse, and then by countries that ignored the abuse when it happened and have not granted asylum. Taliban authorities have threatened Afghan women who had served in the police under the previous government, adding to the risks they face from their families who opposed their work.

    Taliban authorities have threatened Afghan women who had served in the police under the previous government, putting them at risk, Human Rights Watch said in a report released today. 

    The 26-page report, “Double Betrayal: Abuses against Afghan Policewomen Past and Present,” documents threats from Taliban authorities since August 2021 that have forced many former policewomen to go into hiding out of fear of being identified. 

    While employed by the former government, hundreds of policewomen also experienced sexual harassment and assault, including rape, from male colleagues and supervisors who were never held accountable. Former and current policewomen in Afghanistan and countries where they are in hiding or seeking asylum described ongoing psychological distress and trauma related to this past abuse and their fear of retaliation from their families and the Taliban. 

    “Afghan policewomen have been doubly betrayed, first by the former Afghan government, which allowed serious sexual abuse against them to continue unchecked, and then by countries that ignored that abuse and have been unwilling to resettle or grant asylum to women seeking protection,” said Fereshta Abbasi, Afghanistan researcher at Human Rights Watch. “Since the Taliban takeover, former policewomen have had to flee after threats from the authorities and increased violence from families who opposed their working as police.” 

    The report is based primarily on 24 interviews with women who were police during the previous government, including 10 in-person and 9 remote interviews with women in five provinces in Afghanistan, and 5 remote interviews in the United States, Sweden, Italy, Iran, and Pakistan. We also interviewed former and current United Nations officials and civil society activists familiar with the issues. 

    Struggle for an Alternative Income

    Former policewomen described receiving intimidating phone calls from Taliban officials telling them to report for questioning and warning of unspecified consequences related to their former work. Several former policewomen and female corrections officials have been killed, apparently by relatives who believe their work “shamed” the family. The Taliban have not conducted credible investigations into these murders. Women described abusive searches of their homes by Taliban forces who sometimes assaulted their relatives and damaged personal property.

    The women interviewed said that under the previous government they were subjected to frequent sexual harassment and assault, including rape and other forms of sexual violence as well as demands from superiors for sex in exchange for promotion or to avoid dismissal. The widespread nature of these abuses was well-known since at least 2013, including among countries supporting the previous government, but police officers responsible for abuse were not held accountable.

    Women employed under the former government as civil servants, including those in the police, lost their jobs when the Taliban took power. While the Taliban ordered some policewomen to return to work in selected areas, including searching women at checkpoints and guarding female prisoners, the majority have struggled to find alternative income. Afghanistan’s economic collapse has hit the former policewomen particularly hard.

    End All Harassment

    Many have fled to neighbouring Iran or Pakistan or have tried to get to other countries to obtain asylum. Most of those interviewed reported long-term psychological distress and trauma from the abuse they have experienced but were unable to find or afford tailored psychosocial support. 

    The Taliban should end all harassment and threats against former policewomen and others who worked for the former government and credibly investigate incidents of violence. Countries that had previously supported programs to train and hire women in the Afghan police, including the US, should now support those seeking asylum and prioritize these women for refugee resettlement. 

    The US should ensure that female police remaining in Afghanistan or temporarily in third countries seeking US protection should be eligible for resettlement at least on the same level as other vulnerable categories. The United Kingdom, European Union and its member states, Canada, and Japan should increase refugee resettlement places for Afghan refugees, prioritizing women at risk. 

    “The Taliban’s oppression of women and girls hits former policewomen doubly hard,” Abbasi said. “Governments that funded and trained women in the Afghan police force should also press the Taliban to end all abuses against women and girls.”

    India Must Invest in a Credible Growth Strategy

    East Asia Forum
    -
    0
    India Must Invest in a Credible Growth Strategy

    Embracing foreign demand, capital and technology should be the pillar of a new growth strategy that can improve India’s economic competitiveness and help it to achieve its ambition for economic growth.

    EAF Editors   l   The Australian National University

    In the 77 years since gaining independence, India has faced many challenges — but a shortage of ambition has never been one of them. Prime Minister Narendra Modi wants his nation to become a developed economy by 2047, the centenary of self-rule, and aims for India to increase its GDP and GDP per capita seven-fold to US$30 trillion and US$18,000 respectively. While the exact targets are new, the underlying belief that India’s cultural legacy, massive population and geostrategic location ought to yield greater economic clout and global influence has been shared by all its leaders.

    What’s been missing so far is a coherent plan to achieve this vision, one that properly utilises India’s tremendous potential while remaining cognisant of the significant constraints under which it labours. Any growth strategy needs to be aligned with India’s demographic realities. The country has a vast young population that is still growing, with 1 million Indians turning 18 every month. To contribute to growth, and to maintain social harmony, these young people will need jobs. But impressive economic growth rates have not been matched by productive generation of employment, with 45 per cent of the population still stuck in low value agricultural work.

    Harnessing its abundant but on average low-skilled labour endowment must be the cornerstone of India’s growth strategy. The government has sought to promote domestic manufacturing but has invested in high-skilled capital-intensive sectors like semiconductors and electronics, which have failed to create jobs.

    Political Problem

    As Shruti Rajagopalan and Shreyas Narla write in the first of our two lead articles this week, published in the latest edition of East Asia Forum Quarterly, the government ‘has embraced a more inward-looking stance … through new production subsidies, tariff increases and a reluctance to join multilateral trade agreements’. Aside from a few episodes of flirting with liberalisation, New Delhi has tended to be sceptical of openness to global markets. Together with post-colonial ideological underpinnings, the economic rationale has been that its domestic market is large enough to look inward. But market size is about consumption, not just population. Less than 5 per cent of Indians earn US$10,000 a year or more, and 800 million economically insecure people receive free grain rations from the government. Focusing on the domestic market is putting the cart before the horse — growth must come first. Given domestic constraints, a credible strategy must tap into foreign demand, capital and technologies. 

    There is a clear route into global value chains, with RCEP members keeping the door open for India’s entry into the world’s largest trade agreement. This would be a significant step towards reaping the benefits of the China+1 shift, which so far has seen investments flow mostly to Vietnam, Mexico and Malaysia. The political problem is that policymakers have conflated the success of FTAs with their impact on trade deficits, assessing an agreement to be a failure if it results in India importing more than it exports. Such analysis ignores the benefits of imports in giving consumers access to goods that are not being supplied at competitive prices by domestic producers; and indeed, helping domestic producers become more globally competitive by using cheap high-quality inputs manufactured abroad.

    Resilient Supply Chains

    India’s trade deficits are a symptom of its lack of competitiveness, and a product of its domestic savings and investment imbalance. It has all the endowments necessary to become a manufacturing powerhouse but its model of ‘subsidies and protectionism without the disciplining of global competition’, as Rajagopalan and Narla argue, enables not development but ‘a form of cronyism that, in turn, demands greater protectionism’. There is no doubt that acceding to RCEP would invite stiff opposition from domestic lobbies, but this is a consequence of the status quo which is hamstringing the economy and requires major reform.

    Some argue that India has missed the value-chain boat and should instead focus on joining ‘resilient’ supply chains which exclude China. Yet even if global trade slows down, India makes up such a small fraction of world merchandise exports (2.2 per cent compared to China’s 17.6 per cent) that taking over others’ market share provides an important engine for growth. It is also not clear that joining ‘resilient’ supply chains would be conducive to trade-driven growth. Trading at the exclusion of China would likely involve paying hefty premiums, given that China is often the global cheapest producer of what India needs to become a successful manufacturing nation. As External Affairs Minister Jaishankar was quick to point out in defending India’s purchase of discounted oil from Russia, India’s income level is an important constraint in its foreign policy. Second, China is so integrated into global trade that it may not even be possible to fully exclude it — for example, EVs made domestically by Indian firms such as Mahindra use battery cells made by Chinese company BYD.

    Nationalistic Sentiments

    A big hurdle to an externally oriented Indian development strategy is the sensitivity around the China relationship. As Harsh Pant and Kalpit Mankikar write in our second lead article this week, the ‘June 2020 clash between Indian and Chinese soldiers in Galwan marked an important inflection point in their relationship’. The border had been an area of contention for decades but the conflict resulted in fatalities for the first time since 1975. India interpreted this as China’s commitment to more aggressive enforcement of its territorial claims and retaliated by restricting Chinese apps, investments and tourists, leading to the current impasse in China-India relations: China wants to repair the wider relationship before resolving the border, while India is determined to resolve the border issue before repairing the wider relationship.

    But completely shutting out China is a non-starter, given it supplies 15 per cent of India’s imports — twice as high as the next largest source. Continuing to block engagement will also see no progress being made. Pant and Mankikar argue that ‘Indian attitudes toward Chinese investment stem primarily from a surge in nationalistic sentiment’ after the conflict. 

    New Delhi must now resolve this conflict between economic and domestic political imperatives.

    Chinese Investment

    The economic goal of making firms more competitive and integrated into global value chains requires foreign investment, and lots of it. But as Pant and Mankikar point out, FDI inflows have ‘dropped to US$26.5 billion (2023-24) from US$42 billion (2022-23)’. Though the Commerce Minister poured cold water on proposals coming from Ministry of Finance bureaucrats to encourage Chinese investment, ‘there seems to have been a recalibration of India’s stance on economic engagement with China’ with some investments granted conditional approval.

    With international sources of investment seemingly drying up, India is recognising that it may need to rethink its economic relationship with China. For a more credible development pathway, a rethink of its growth strategy is in order too.

    Twenty Years On: Indonesia ‘Better Prepared’ Following Tsunami

    OWSA Contributor
    -
    0
    Twenty Years On: Indonesia ‘Better Prepared’ Following Tsunami

    Despite being the closest inhabited island to the epicentre of the earthquake in December 2004 that caused the largest tsunami so far in this century, only six inhabitants died on this island of 100,000, a lower rate than in any other affected area.

    When Ahmadi, a local storyteller on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, sings a lullaby to his one-year-old grandson, the song is not one about fairies and angels but rather about the precautions to take in a potential tsunami.

    The lyrics include references to an earthquake, a massive wave, land submerged under water and locating to higher ground.

    “When there is an earthquake and a tsunami, you are in panic, you cannot be expected to think. This is why the emergency drill must be ingrained and be second nature. This has to start from an early age,” Ahmadi said.

    Despite being the closest inhabited island to the epicentre of the earthquake in December 2004 that caused the largest tsunami so far in this century, only six inhabitants died on this island of 100,000, a lower rate than in any other affected area.

    “This was due to the local wisdom passed on from generation to generation in the form of a smong (means “tsunami” in the local Devayan Language),” said local leader Teuku Reza Fahlevi, referring to indigenous knowledge related to a tsunami.

    This oral tradition has enabled their population to better adapt to natural disasters. In 2004, for instance, they knew to run for higher ground when the sea recedes, saving many lives.

    “In many other coastal areas of the country, people rushed into the seabed to pick up fish and were crushed by the gushing sea water as waves of up to 30 metres wreaked havoc and brought devastation,” he said.

    Better Prepared for When Disaster Strikes

    Twenty years on, the province of Aceh in far western Indonesia is much more prepared. The smong is now part of the curriculum of every primary and junior high school on Simeulue as well as in some other regencies.

    “For full preparedness, we cannot rely on grandparents only, we must make sure every child is prepared,” Ahmadi said.

    The association of storytellers in the province is working with the Simeulue Board of Education to lobby the remaining regencies to do the same.

    Ahmadi himself was living in the provincial capital of Banda Aceh when the 2004 tsunami struck and immediately fled to higher ground. He tried to convince many of his neighbours to do the same, but most would not listen.

    “When I returned, I saw corpses all around,” he said. “Today, the loss of life would be far smaller – we are much better prepared.”

    Over 167,000 people died in Indonesia during the event on 26 December, and a further at least 60,000 in other countries on the Indian Ocean.

    The United Nations, at the request of the Indonesian government, provided major relief support to the survivors.

    Ten UN agencies were involved in the work, from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) helping the internally displaced, to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) providing emergency supplies for children and the UN Development Programme aiding reconstruction efforts.

    The UN’s Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) facilitated the emergency response phase in 2004 and, together with partners, advocated for the importance of building community resilience through disaster education since 2006 based on international best practices.

    OCHA, along with other UN agencies, the Red Cross Society, universities, the private sector and NGOs, has remained involved long after the tsunami to support Indonesia and the Province of Aceh in improving disaster risk preparedness.

    Structured Disaster Management

    The tsunami has ushered in a new era of a more systematized and structured disaster management across the country, based on international best practices.

    Regulations have been put in place to establish and streamline processes in providing health care and food in case of disasters and also to establish local agencies to coordinate humanitarian efforts on the ground.

    The National Agency for Disaster Management (BNBP) has strengthened engagement with stakeholders across emergency response, recovery and development to implement global policies.

    “We believe that disaster risk reduction, sustainable development and climate change must be addressed holistically,” said Raditya Jayi, Deputy Minister at the National Agency for Disaster Management (BNBP). “Sustainable resilience ensures that we protect our development gains by investing in resilience building.”

    The country has mainstreamed the post-2015 frameworks on Sustainable Development (SDGs), the UNFCCC Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, an international agreement adopted by UN member states at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015.

    “There have been major strides by the national and provincial governments, supported by multi-stakeholder partners, including community and faith-based organisations, on increased preparedness,” said Thandie Mwape, Head of OCHA Indonesia.

    The focal areas include education, and regular tsunami preparedness drills have been mandatory in all the schools in the province since 2010, she said. The implementation of a disaster-safe school programme was followed nationwide in 2012 leading to further increased preparedness.

    A siren system has been installed in some provinces and the population educated on what to do in case the alarms go off.

    By now, thanks to the progress on disaster management in the country, the Humanitarian Country Team, which is made up of the UN, development partners and local NGOs, is focusing its support to the government on strengthening disaster preparedness capacity and enhancing anticipatory action, as well as the haring of best practices from Indonesia to countries in the region and worldwide.

    “Indonesia is a knowledge hub and there is much that the world can learn from here, learnings that will lead to saving lives,” Ms Mwape said.

    How Extreme Weather is Fuelling Violence Against Women

    SciDevNet
    -
    0
    How Extreme Weather is Fuelling Violence Against Women

    Extreme weather causes a rise in violence against women by their partners, say researchers and activists as economic impacts of climate-related disasters can fuel violence as much as two years later. They say that climate actions plans must focus more on gender to address such problems.

    By Dann Okoth

    Extreme weather events linked to climate change are fuelling violence against women long after they occur, say researchers, prompting calls for more gender-focused climate action.

    One in three women in the world experience physical or sexual violence at the hands of an intimate partner, according to UN figures, and women in poorer countries are the worst affected.

    New analysis by University College London (UCL) shows that the rate is even higher in countries that have recently faced climate shocks.

    Economic insecurity that stems from such shocks could be driving the increase, as long as two years after the event has happened, the researchers suggest.

    “Storms, landslides and floods appear to be linked to higher rates of intimate partner violence two years later at a national level,” says Jenevieve Mannell of UCL, who led the study published 2 October in the open-access journal PLOS Climate.

    Mannell and her colleagues analysed nationwide surveys from more than 150 countries covering a 26-year period to estimate the prevalence of intimate partner violence, defined as physical or sexual violence against a woman by her partner in the last year.

    The highest rates of violence were found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, followed by Ethiopia and Papua New Guinea.

    They compared this data with climate shock data on earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, extreme temperatures, droughts, floods, storms and wildfires. And they found that not all types of weather events affected violence rates to the same extent.

    Heatwaves were linked to immediate physiological effects leading to aggression and violence.

    Storms or floods, on the other hand, take time to impact on mental health and food security in ways that drive violent behaviour, according to the researchers.

    “Different climate-related shocks take different lengths of time to impact on rates of violence,” said Mannell, a professor of social science and global health.

    The researchers noticed that climate shocks had as much of an effect on violence as economic performance indicators. They think the two factors could be linked.

    Wealthier countries were generally associated with fewer instances of partner violence, according to the study.

    “Extreme weather events bring economic and security dynamics that disadvantage women and girls when it comes to their sexual and reproductive rights,” said Gladys Kiio, executive director at the African Gender and Media Initiative Trust in Kenya, a women-led research organisation that promotes gender equality.

    She said the floods in Kenya earlier this year exposed the sexual vulnerability of women and girls to such climate shocks.

    She recalled how a mother and her disabled daughter were repeatedly raped in a slum in Nairobi after they were left homeless by the floods.

    In some pastoral communities, where livestock are highly valued, young girls are essentially sold off into marriage by their parents to replace livestock lost during droughts, added Kiio.

    Gender-climate roadmap

    The researchers hope their findings will shape environmental policies designed to mitigate the social and health impacts of climate change.

    It comes only a few weeks before the COP29 climate summit in Baku, Azerbaijan, where countries are expected to present their updated climate action plans.

    While Kenya has a national climate action plan, Kiio believes it fails to address gender issues in relation to climate change.

    She says gender-focused organisations are working on a national gender and climate action plan that aims to make gender issues part of the climate change conversation.

    “The plan gives us a roadmap on how climate change is affecting gender and how men and women interact with climate,” she told SciDev.Net.

    “It will define programmes and actions that mainstream gender into climate responses.”

    Countries have two mechanisms for addressing this issue as part of their climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, says Mannell. One is the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) – countries’ commitments under the Paris agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and measures to adapt to climate change. The other is the Climate Change Gender Action Plans, which are being developed in some countries.

    Countries have until February to update their NDCs, but some countries are expected to announce their updates early at COP29 in November.

    “We also need clear strategies for addressing climate change in existing programmes to reduce violence against women globally,” added Kiio.

    “For the moment, there is a lot of talk, but very little concrete action.”

    This piece has been sourced from SciDev.Net

    Pakistan’s Digital Censorship—The Real Cost of Internet Disruptions

    Inter Press Service
    -
    0
    Pakistan’s Digital Censorship—The Real Cost of Internet Disruptions

    As Pakistan navigates this digital crisis, the government must confront difficult questions about the future of the internet in the country. Will it continue to be a battleground for political control, or will it become a space for freedom and innovation?

    By Annam Lodhi

    Over the past few months, Pakistan has been grappling with a persistent and disruptive internet slowdown, leaving millions of citizens frustrated.

    The disruptions are said to continue until the end of October, what began as intermittent disruptions has turned into a widespread, prolonged issue, significantly affecting freelancers, students, businesses, and everyday life.

    The internet, once a tool for empowerment, now mirrors Pakistan’s deeper socio-political challenges, becoming a battleground for control and censorship. The slowdowns have disrupted the digital economy, highlighting the government’s increasing control over internet access and turning a space of connectivity into one of political manipulation and restriction.

    When Did the Internet Start to Slow Down?

    Internet censorship and shutdowns are not new to Pakistan, especially during politically sensitive periods. In 2023 alone, internet shutdowns cost Pakistan over Rs65 billion, affecting 83 million people and lasting 259 hours, according to Statista. Pakistan ranked 7th globally in economic losses from internet disruptions, with a total loss of USD 237.6 million.

    The first major slowdown in mid-2024 was initially blamed on undersea cable repairs, a frequent issue in the past. However, as weeks passed and disruptions persisted, it became evident that the problem was far more deliberate and widespread. The government’s vague justifications citing “national security” concerns only fueled public frustration and deepened suspicions about its true motives.

    Opposition leaders brought the issue to the National Assembly, but the government’s inconsistent responses did little to alleviate concerns. Many began to speculate that the slowdowns were part of a broader effort to control public discourse and limit the reach of specific content on platforms like X (formerly Twitter) and Facebook. “Internet shutdowns have become a tool for suppressing dissent,” explains Fariha Aziz, co-founder of digital rights organization Bolo Bhi. “The government’s lack of transparency and contradictory statements about what’s happening makes it clear that there is more at play than just technical difficulties.”

    Direct removal of content from social media platforms remains impossible for the government; these disruptions seem to be aimed at slowing the flow of information and limiting the reach of critical posts. “The WhatsApp disruption was an eye opener,” Aziz notes. “It showed us that the government has tested, tried, or put in place something more sophisticated than just throttling speeds.”

    Internet slowdowns and shutdowns have severely impacted the economy, with the country heavily reliant on digital infrastructure. Pakistan joins other countries like India, Russia, and Ethiopia, where internet blackouts have caused significant financial damage. Globally, Russia experienced the largest monetary loss, with over USD 4 billion in damages due to internet shutdowns in 2023. Neighboring countries like Bangladesh and India, where similar tactics have been employed to control dissent. In Myanmar, the situation has been even more extreme, with the junta using total internet blackouts to prevent communication and stifle opposition. The growing comparisons between Pakistan and Myanmar are alarming, raising concerns about the future of internet freedom in the country.

    A History of Internet Censorship

    Amnesty International has expressed growing concern over the increasing use of surveillance technologies and internet disruptions to monitor online activities, especially during times of unrest. The lack of transparency and justification for these actions undermines citizens’ right to freedom of expression.

    “Internet shutdowns rarely meet the legal requirements of necessity and proportionality, making them unlawful under international human rights law,” says Hajira Maryam, Media Manager at Amnesty Tech.

    For activists, journalists, and researchers, staying safe during internet shutdowns has become increasingly critical. Hajira Maryam emphasizes the importance of digital security measures, stating, “Before a shutdown, individuals should secure their devices by enabling encryption, updating software, and using strong passcodes. Using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) can help bypass some blocks, but it is essential to understand the risks, as VPNs are often criminalized in certain contexts.”

    Amnesty International has called on Pakistani authorities to be transparent about the reasons behind internet disruptions and to avoid deploying unnecessary and disproportionate monitoring and surveillance systems that violate international human rights laws. Internet disruptions not only limit access to information and expression but also create anxiety within communities, including the Pakistani diaspora, who are often cut off from communication with their loved ones.

    In line with international legal frameworks, Amnesty urges that any restrictions on internet access must be legal, necessary, proportionate, and time-bound. The United Nations Human Rights Council and Special Rapporteurs have condemned the use of internet shutdowns as unlawful restrictions on freedom of assembly and expression, stressing that such measures must not hinder peaceful gatherings or public expression, especially during times of political unrest.

    Freelancers on the Frontline

    One of the most severely impacted groups is Pakistan’s growing freelance workforce. Pakistan is ranked among the top five countries for freelancers globally, with thousands relying on platforms like Fiverr and Upwork to earn their livelihood. However, the internet slowdown has shattered their ability to deliver services reliably.

    Umair Liaquat, a freelancer from Lahore who offers services related to advertisement management, began freelancing in 2020 after losing his job due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For two years, he successfully grew a top-rated Fiverr account, earning around USD 20,000 to USD 25,000. However, things took a downturn in 2024 when Pakistan’s internet slowdown became worse.

    “In March 2024, Fiverr downgraded Pakistani sellers, warning clients that due to internet issues, delivery might be delayed. My contacts started declining immediately. To get around this, I began using a VPN and changed my location to the USA, which helped temporarily,” Umair explained.

    Unfortunately, Fiverr disabled his account after detecting location inconsistency. After creating a new account, his business never regained the same traction due to firewall restrictions and frequent internet issues. This has left many freelancers, like Umair, scrambling to find alternative platforms and workarounds just to stay afloat.

    Ali Raza, a business owner based in Karachi who works in the marketplace and recruitment space, echoed similar concerns. “In just a few months, I’ve lost over $20,000 in revenue because of slow internet. International clients can’t communicate with us properly, which delays projects and results in lost contracts. In a highly competitive market, this is devastating.”

    The economic impact on freelancers is compounded by the fact that platforms like Fiverr and Upwork now rank Pakistan lower due to the country’s unreliable internet infrastructure. This further discourages international clients from working with Pakistani freelancers.

    Impact on Education

    Pakistan’s ongoing internet slowdown has severely impacted students across the country, exacerbating an already fragile education system that shifted online during the COVID-19 pandemic. With stable internet access crucial for millions of students, especially in rural areas, the disruptions have caused an educational crisis. Many students struggle to access lectures, participate in discussions, or submit assignments on time, significantly hindering their academic progress.

    Wardah Noor, CEO of XWave, an online learning platform, shared her organization’s challenges: “In August, we had 1,500 registrations for a 10-day IT boot camp, but due to internet disruptions, only 300 participants attended. This delay set us back by two months and raised operational costs significantly.”

    The impact is most pronounced in rural areas, where online education was the only viable option to bridge the educational divide. Now, the gap between urban and rural students has widened further, leaving those in remote areas with few alternatives. The global reach of education has also been compromised. Students enrolled in international programs have struggled to keep up with global timelines due to Pakistan’s slow internet.

    “The global market moves on, leaving our students behind,” Wardah added.

    Wardah also called for urgent government intervention to address the crisis. “Tech education without the internet is impossible. These disruptions have pushed us further from the dream of a ‘Digital Pakistan.’ The government must prioritize improving internet accessibility, especially in rural areas.”

    Government’s Role and Digital Control

    As the internet crisis continues, the role of the government has come under increasing scrutiny. the PTA has now admitted to “tinkering” with the internet as part of an effort to upgrade a controversial web monitoring system. Many speculate that these measures are part of a broader strategy to control the flow of information, especially during times of political unrest.

    During periods of political tension, the internet has been deliberately slowed down or shut off to curb protests and control public opinion. In 2023, for instance, following the arrest of a former Prime Minister, the government admitted to throttling the internet to suppress protests. Similar tactics are being deployed in 2024, with digital rights activists and opposition leaders calling out the government for using the internet as a tool of repression.

    The internet slowdown has extended beyond professional and educational circles, affecting daily life in ways that were previously unimaginable. Simple tasks, such as banking, accessing healthcare services via telemedicine, and even staying in touch with loved ones abroad, have become more challenging.

    What Lies Ahead for Pakistan’s Internet?

    The internet slowdown in Pakistan has exposed critical vulnerabilities in the country’s digital infrastructure. With the growing reliance on digital platforms for economic growth, education, and daily services, a stable internet connection is no longer a luxury—it is a necessity. Some efforts are being made to address these issues.

    Companies like Meta have announced plans to invest in new undersea cables to improve internet speeds in Pakistan, but this raises concerns about the role of private companies in managing the country’s internet infrastructure and its potential impact on digital sovereignty.

    At the same time, civil society organizations, international watchdogs, and opposition leaders continue to press for accountability. Clear regulations and transparency are essential to ensure that internet disruptions are not used as tools of political control. The government must prioritize improving internet infrastructure and ensuring that citizens can access a reliable and stable internet, free from unnecessary censorship.

    As Pakistan navigates this digital crisis, the government must confront difficult questions about the future of the internet in the country. Will it continue to be a battleground for political control, or will it become a space for freedom and innovation? The answers to these questions will shape the future of Pakistan’s economy, education, and society for generations to come.

    This piece has been sourced from Inter Press Service.

    Image: Hippopx

    End ‘Collective Amnesia’ Over COVID-19, Says WHO

    OWSA Contributor
    -
    0
    End ‘Collective Amnesia’ Over COVID-19, Says WHO

    Coronaviruses like COVID, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) “must be taken seriously” as they are particularly dangerous for at-risk groups including the elderly, pregnant women and people suffering from existing or chronic illness, said a WHO statement.

    Our “collective amnesia” about how bad the COVID-19 pandemic was should not prevent us from protecting ourselves and our loved ones from the ongoing spread of respiratory diseases as the northern hemisphere prepares for winter, the UN World Health Organization (WHO) said on Wednesday.

    Coronaviruses like COVID, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) “must be taken seriously” as they are particularly dangerous for at-risk groups including the elderly, pregnant women and people suffering from existing or chronic illness, WHO Europe insisted, as it launched a region-wide protection campaign.

    “Collective amnesia on COVID-19 has set in and this is concerning,” said WHO Regional Director for Europe, Dr Hans Kluge. “Individuals, communities, and countries understandably want to move on from the trauma of the pandemic years. Yet COVID-19 is still very much with us, co-circulating with other respiratory viruses.”

    European spotlight

    The WHO official noted that 53 countries across Europe and Central Asia still experience up to 72,000 deaths from seasonal influenza, accounting for approximately 20 per cent of the global burden. “The vast majority of these deaths can be prevented,” he said, adding that the most vulnerable “must be protected” by vaccine immunization, which is proven to prevent illness and severe outcomes.

    In the 28 days to 22 September, health authorities in WHO’s European region reported just over 278,000 COVID-19 cases and 748 deaths, from Cyprus to Moldova and from Ireland to Russia. Those numbers are higher than any other WHO region and are likely underestimates, the UN health agency said.

    According to WHO data, COVID-19 has killed more than seven million people since the outbreak began in late 2019, with most deaths reported in the United States (1.2 million), Brazil (702,000), India (534,000) and Russia (403,000).

    Unpredictable pathogens

    “COVID-19 devastated every corner of the planet,” Dr Kluge said. “Mpox clade II emerged unexpectedly in Europe in 2022 and continues to circulate in the region, even as mpox clade I in Central-East Africa has triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. And RSV and influenza will continue to co-circulate with heightened intensity in the coming months, especially with more people gathering indoors due to colder weather.” 

    National health authorities should fulfil their role of protecting vulnerable populations, the WHO senior official continued, as he urged greater investment in public healthcare to protect overburdened healthworkers.

    New and existing viruses can “wreak havoc on health systems, economies, and society,” Dr Kluge warned, in a call for regular and consistent surveillance and monitoring to “ensure we are ready for the next major health emergency, whenever and wherever it comes”.

    As part of a WHO Europe public health campaign to prevent the spread of influenza and other respiratory diseases, the UN agency noted that key protective measures include staying at home when sick, practising hand and cough hygiene, and ensuring proper ventilation.

    Vulnerable populations who also include those with weakened immune systems and anyone who believes they may have caught a respiratory virus should wear a close-fitting mask in crowded or enclosed spaces, WHO added.

    “Protecting against respiratory viruses is the shared responsibility of governments and all of society,” WHO’s Dr Kluge said. “Everyone should play their part in fostering a culture of care and solidarity with the vulnerable.” 

    Strengthening Rural Economy: Insights from NABARD’s NAFIS 2021-22

    OWSA Staff
    -
    0
    Strengthening Rural Economy: Insights from NABARD’s NAFIS 2021-22

    The NAFIS data revealed a notable increase in financial savings among rural households, with annual average savings rising to ₹13,209 in 2021-22 from ₹9,104 in 2016-17. Overall, 66 per cent of households reported saving money.

    The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) has released the findings from its second All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (NAFIS) for 2021-22, highlighting significant progress in rural economic indicators since the inaugural survey in 2016-17.

    The latest survey, based on data from 100,000 rural households across all 28 states and the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, sheds light on the evolving landscape of rural financial inclusion in the post-COVID era.

    Rise in Average Monthly Income

    One of the most striking outcomes from the NAFIS 2021-22 is the substantial increase in the average monthly income of rural households, which surged by 57.6 per cent, from ₹8,059 in 2016-17 to ₹12,698 in 2021-22. This reflects a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5 per cent. Agricultural households earned slightly more, averaging ₹13,661 compared to ₹11,438 for non-agricultural households. Notably, salaried employment, whether in the government or private sector, accounted for approximately 37 per cent of total household income. For agricultural households, cultivation remained the primary income source, comprising about one-third of their earnings.

    Increased Expenditure Patterns

    Accompanying the rise in income was a significant increase in monthly expenditure, which grew from ₹6,646 in 2016-17 to ₹11,262 in 2021-22. Agricultural households reported higher consumption expenditures (₹11,710) than their non-agricultural counterparts (₹10,675). Regions like Goa and Jammu & Kashmir witnessed average household expenditures exceeding ₹17,000, reflecting the diverse economic activities in these areas.

    Growth in Financial Savings

    The NAFIS data revealed a notable increase in financial savings among rural households, with annual average savings rising to ₹13,209 in 2021-22 from ₹9,104 in 2016-17. Overall, 66 per cent of households reported saving money, a substantial increase from 50.6 per cent in the previous survey. Agricultural households excelled in this regard, with 71 per cent reporting savings compared to 58 per cent of non-agricultural households. States like Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand led in savings rates, while Goa and Kerala lagged behind.

    Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Penetration

    The Kisan Credit Card (KCC) has proven to be a vital instrument for enhancing financial inclusion within the agricultural sector. The survey found that 44 per cent of agricultural households possessed a valid KCC, with the percentage rising to 77 per cent among those with landholdings greater than 0.4 hectares or who had availed agricultural loans in the past year.

    Insurance Coverage Expansion

    The proportion of households with at least one insured member increased dramatically from 25.5 per cent in 2016-17 to 80.3 per cent in 2021-22. This indicates a growing recognition of the importance of insurance in financial planning. Among various types of insurance, vehicle insurance was the most common, covering 55 per cent of households, while life insurance extended to 24 per cent, with agricultural households showing slightly higher coverage.

    Enhanced Pension Coverage

    Pensions have also seen a positive shift, with the percentage of households receiving any form of pension rising from 18.9 per cent to 23.5 per cent over the five years. This increase underscores the importance of pension schemes in supporting the elderly and enhancing their quality of life.

    Improved Financial Literacy

    Financial literacy among rural respondents showed significant improvement, with those demonstrating good financial understanding rising from 33.9 per cent to 51.3 per cent. Additionally, individuals exhibiting sound financial behaviour, such as effective money management and timely bill payments, increased from 56.4 per cent to 72.8 per cent.

    Implications and Future Prospects

    The findings from NAFIS 2021-22 reflect notable strides in rural financial inclusion and economic empowerment. Government initiatives such as the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, and various rural livelihood missions have played a crucial role in these developments.

    As access to financial services expands, the outlook for India’s rural population appears increasingly optimistic. The survey emphasizes the importance of continued support and investment in rural development, which will be vital for fostering a more prosperous and financially secure future for these communities.

    In summary, NABARD’s NAFIS 2021-22 reveals not only the resilience of rural households in adapting to economic challenges but also the transformative impact of financial inclusion initiatives in enhancing their livelihoods and well-being.

    India’s Renewable Energy Revolution a Beacon of Hope in Global Energy Transition, Says IEA Report

    OWSA Staff
    -
    0
    India’s Renewable Energy Revolution a Beacon of Hope in Global Energy Transition, Says IEA Report

    By 2024, solar power is projected to account for nearly 60 per cent of India’s renewable energy capacity, significantly contributing to the national grid and reducing reliance on coal.

    In a groundbreaking report released by the International Energy Agency (IEA), India has emerged as a leader in the global transition to renewable energy, showcasing impressive growth and commitment to sustainable practices. The “Renewables 2024” report highlights India’s significant strides in expanding its renewable energy capacity, positioning the nation as a critical player in the fight against climate change.

    The report indicates that the world is on course to add over 5,500 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity between 2024 and 2030, bringing global renewable electricity generation to nearly half of total demand.

    Dave Jones, Ember’s director of global insights said, “The renewables growth we’ve seen so far is just the start. Policymakers are embracing solar and wind like never before, but they are still two steps behind the reality on the ground.”

    Tim Buckley, a leading energy analyst and director of Climate Energy Finance, added that despite a strong increase in investments in renewable energy since the December 2023 COP28 pledge to triple installed capacity by 2030, countries are not yet on track to meet this goal, with global capacity expected to grow by 2.7 times by the end of the decade.

    “This reflects a 25 per cent lift in collective ambition compared to last year, driven by decreasing costs for solar and battery technologies. Increased support from developed nations is crucial for facilitating the energy transition in developing countries, helping to rapidly decarbonize in line with climate science,” Buckley said.

    China alone is set to account for an astonishing 60 per cent of the global renewable capacity growth, making it a dominant player in the renewable energy landscape.

    Nations like India are leading the charge with rapid renewable expansion, securing over half of the Asia Pacific region’s renewable growth from 2024 to 2030.

    Renewable Fuels

    According to the report, India is set to add approximately 40 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity in 2024 alone, primarily driven by solar and wind projects. This expansion aligns with the Indian government’s ambitious goal of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, a target that reflects the country’s determination to reduce carbon emissions and enhance energy security.

    “India is not only increasing its renewable energy capacity but is also demonstrating a sustainable approach that other nations can emulate,” said Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive Director. “The country’s policies and investments are paving the way for a greener future, both regionally and globally.”

    The report emphasizes that India’s solar sector, bolstered by initiatives such as the Solar Park Scheme and production-linked incentives, has experienced remarkable growth. By 2024, solar power is projected to account for nearly 60 per cent of the country’s renewable energy capacity, significantly contributing to the national grid and reducing reliance on coal.

    Wind energy is also making significant gains, with new projects set to enhance capacity in both onshore and offshore wind farms. The government’s focus on enhancing infrastructure and encouraging private investment has created a favorable environment for renewable energy developments.

    This edition of the IEA Renewable Market Report series has dedicated a specific chapter to renewable fuels, including solid biomass (excluding for traditional uses), liquid biofuels, biogases (biogas and bio-methane), electrolytic hydrogen made from renewable electricity (renewable hydrogen) and e-fuels (fuels made from renewable hydrogen, including e-kerosene, ammonia and methanol) used in transport, industry and buildings.

    Challenges Remain

    Moreover, the IEA points out the importance of international collaborations in India’s renewable energy journey. Partnerships with countries like the United States, Japan, and those in the European Union are facilitating technology transfer and investments, further accelerating progress.

    Fuel demand declines globally owing to a combination of electric vehicle adoption and vehicle efficiency improvements, the report says, adding that while governments continue to enforce biofuel mandates, incentives and greenhouse gas intensity standards over the forecast period, overall global road transport fuel demand is expected to peak in 2028, with earlier peaks in the United States and Europe, thereby limiting growth. “Even in fast-growing markets such as India, Indonesia and Brazil, total transport fuel demand growth slows considerably by 2030 (to 3 per cent from 10 per cent expected in 2024),” the report says.

    Despite these advancements, the report cautions that challenges remain. Issues such as land acquisition, financing, and the need for grid improvements must be addressed to sustain momentum. However, the Indian government is actively working to overcome these hurdles through policy reforms and streamlined processes.

    As the world faces escalating climate challenges, India’s renewable energy revolution serves as a testament to the potential of ambitious policy frameworks and public-private partnerships. The report says that with continued commitment, India is poised to not only meet its own energy needs but also contribute significantly to global sustainability efforts.

    The IEA’s “Renewables 2024” report underscores India’s pivotal role in the renewable energy landscape, offering a model for other nations striving for a sustainable future.

    1...484950...205Page 49 of 205
    Bangladesh

    Yunus Warns of ‘War-Like Situation’ Amid Political Crisis and Rising Tensions

    The high-stakes meeting brought together 20 leaders from various political parties and organisations in two separate sessions, as Yunus sought to shore up support amid reports of internal tensions within his interim government and growing external pressure.
    Climate change

    New Projections Show Extreme Glacier Loss Already at 2°C

    Staying close to 1.5°C on the other hand preserves at least some glacier ice in all regions, even Scandinavia, with 20-30 per cent remaining in the four most sensitive regions; and 40-45 per cent in the Himalayas and Caucuses; stressing the growing urgency of the 1.5°C temperature goal and rapid decarbonization to achieve it.
    Agri-business

    Sri Lanka and New Zealand Eye Stronger Economic and Educational Ties

    Beyond trade, both nations expressed keen interest in enhancing vocational training collaboration, with a specific focus on developing industry-aligned skills for Sri Lankan youth.

    Editor Picks

    Climate Change

    Hot Topics

    About OWSA

    OWSA aims to be the place global citizens turn to for news and views concerning human development from across SouthAsia – the kind of news untouched by the mainstream media. We do not sell fear.

    Follow Us

    © 2021 All Rights Reserved. www.owsa.in