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    MIT Researchers Develop New Filtration Material to Combat Persistent Water Contaminants

    OWSA Contributor
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    MIT Researchers Develop New Filtration Material to Combat Persistent Water Contaminants

    Testing has demonstrated that the new material significantly outperforms existing technologies in removing polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water. The material’s high capacity for PFAS adsorption means it can handle large volumes of contaminated water before needing regeneration or replacement.

    Researchers at MIT have announced a breakthrough in water purification technology with the development of a new filtration material designed to effectively remove long-lasting chemical pollutants, particularly per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This new material could represent a significant advancement in the fight against water contamination, addressing both health and environmental concerns associated with these “forever chemicals.”

    PFAS, a group of synthetic compounds known for their resistance to water, grease, and stains, have become widespread environmental contaminants. Their persistence in the environment and in human bodies is linked to various health issues, including cancer, liver damage, and immune system disruption. The challenge of removing PFAS from water is compounded by their chemical stability and low reactivity, which makes traditional filtration methods less effective.

    MIT’s new filtration material is designed to tackle this problem by utilizing a novel approach that enhances the removal of PFAS from contaminated water. The material features a porous structure that effectively captures and retains PFAS molecules. This innovation marks a departure from conventional methods, which often struggle with either high costs or limited efficiency.

    The research team, led by Benedetto Marelli from MIT’s Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Yilin Zhang, a post-doctoral associate, has developed a filtration medium with a unique chemical composition that interacts specifically with PFAS molecules.

    “We came to the project by chance,” Marelli notes. The initial technology that made the filtration material possible was developed by his group for a completely unrelated purpose — as a way to make a labelling system to counter the spread of counterfeit seeds, which are often of inferior quality. His team devised a way of processing silk proteins into uniform nanoscale crystals, or “nanofibrils,” through an environmentally benign, water-based drop-casting method at room temperature.

    High removal rates

    Traditional PFAS removal methods, such as activated carbon and ion exchange resins, have limitations. Activated carbon, for example, can become saturated quickly and may require frequent replacement. Ion exchange resins can be effective but are often costly and can be less efficient with high concentrations of PFAS. The new MIT material offers a solution by combining high adsorption capacity with durability, potentially reducing the frequency of replacements and lowering overall treatment costs.

    Testing has demonstrated that the new material significantly outperforms existing technologies in removing PFAS from water. The material’s high capacity for PFAS adsorption means it can handle large volumes of contaminated water before needing regeneration or replacement. This characteristic is crucial for large-scale applications, such as municipal water treatment facilities, which must manage significant contamination loads.

    The material’s effectiveness was confirmed through a series of rigorous tests conducted in MIT’s laboratories. Results showed that the new filtration medium achieved high removal rates for various PFAS compounds, including those that are particularly challenging to address with conventional methods. The material’s performance in diverse water conditions further underscores its potential as a versatile solution for PFAS removal.

    The MIT team is now focused on scaling up the production of this new material and conducting additional field tests to assess its performance in real-world settings. The researchers are also working to collaborate with industry partners and regulatory agencies to facilitate the integration of the material into existing water treatment systems.

    The development of this filtration technology comes at a critical time as the environmental and health impacts of PFAS contamination continue to garner attention. Regulatory agencies worldwide are increasing their scrutiny of these chemicals, and there is a growing demand for effective solutions to address water pollution.

    Transform water purification practices

    In addition to its immediate benefits for water purification, the new material also holds promise for addressing broader environmental issues. PFAS contamination is not only a public health concern but also an environmental challenge, as these chemicals can persist in ecosystems and affect wildlife. By providing a more effective method for removing PFAS, the new technology could help mitigate some of these environmental impacts.

    Zhang suggested that their new nanofibrillar material might be effective at filtering contaminants, but initial attempts with the silk nanofibrils alone didn’t work. The team decided to try adding another material: cellulose, which is abundantly available and can be obtained from agricultural wood pulp waste. The researchers used a self-assembly method in which the silk fibroin protein is suspended in water and then templated into nanofibrils by inserting “seeds” of cellulose nanocrystals. This causes the previously disordered silk molecules to line up together along the seeds, forming the basis of a hybrid material with distinct new properties.

    The MIT team’s breakthrough is also part of a larger effort to advance water treatment technologies and address global challenges related to water contamination. As the demand for clean water increases and environmental concerns grow, innovations like this filtration material are crucial for developing sustainable and effective solutions.

    Looking ahead, the researchers are optimistic about the potential for their new material to transform water purification practices. The successful deployment of this technology could lead to cleaner water sources, improved health outcomes, and enhanced environmental protection. The development of this advanced filtration material represents a significant advancement in the quest to combat persistent water contaminants. With its ability to effectively remove PFAS and its potential for large-scale application, this new technology offers a hopeful outlook for addressing one of the most pressing challenges in water purification today.

    Combating Household Air Pollution: A Global Challenge and Opportunity

    OWSA Contributor
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    Combating Household Air Pollution: A Global Challenge and Opportunity

    Scaling up clean cooking for combating household pollution requires substantial investment. The International Energy Agency estimates that $10 billion annually is needed by 2030 to achieve universal access to clean cooking. Current investments fall short of this target.

    For billions across the developing world, mealtime begins with lighting a fire—whether it’s a kerosene stove, charcoal grill, or a pile of logs. But this common practice comes with hidden dangers. The smoke produced is laden with toxic particles, contributing to what is known as household air pollution. This form of pollution not only jeopardizes health but also exacerbates climate change and biodiversity loss.

    According to the World Health Organization (WHO), household air pollution led to 3.1 million premature deaths in 2021. Martina Otto, Head of the Secretariat of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlights the gravity of the situation: “Household air pollution is one of the world’s greatest public health threats and it is particularly harmful for children. But the good news is that cleaner cooking technology is plentiful, relatively inexpensive, and already helping to save lives. The challenge now is to get this technology into the hands of more people.”

    Despite its severity, household air pollution remains one of the most underinvested health and environmental issues globally. To spotlight this, the United Nations Environment Programme observed the International Day of Clean Air for blue skies on September 7. This day aims to raise awareness about air pollution’s dangers and promote solutions such as cleaner cooking methods.

    Household Air Pollution

    Globally, nearly one in three people cook with inefficient stoves or over open fires, using solid fuels like wood, charcoal, and animal dung. This problem is particularly acute in Africa, where nearly four out of five people are exposed to harmful smoke. The broader air pollution crisis affects 99 percent of the global population, with household and outdoor air often deemed unsafe by WHO standards.

    Household air pollution primarily arises from inefficient stoves and open fires. These produce fine particulate matter (PM2.5) – microscopic particles smaller than 10 microns that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, causing severe health issues. Fine particulate matter includes dirt, dust, smoke, soot, and black carbon.

    Health Impacts

    The health consequences of household air pollution are severe. Fine particulate matter can lead to pneumonia, heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, low birth weight, and stillbirths. Children are particularly vulnerable because they breathe more rapidly than adults and have developing immune systems. In 2021 alone, household air pollution contributed to the deaths of 237,000 children under five.

    Women also suffer disproportionately from household air pollution as they are primarily responsible for cooking. In Africa, women and children account for 60 percent of early deaths related to smoke inhalation, according to the International Energy Agency.

    What is Clean Cooking?

    Clean cooking refers to any stove or fuel combination that meets WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. This includes stoves powered by electricity, biogas, ethanol, and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). These alternatives are cleaner and more efficient compared to traditional solid fuels.

    While all these options are healthier than open fires or traditional biomass stoves, they vary in their environmental impact. LPG, although efficient and producing less carbon dioxide than biomass, is a fossil fuel and thus unsustainable long-term. Biogas and bio-ethanol are cleaner and theoretically renewable but face challenges related to storage and feedstock production. Electric cooking appliances, particularly those powered by renewable energy sources, offer the most potential for rapid deployment and low-carbon solutions.

    Environmental; Climate Benefits

    The environmental benefits of switching to cleaner cooking methods are significant. Globally, more than half of the trees cut down are used for firewood and charcoal, leading to deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Cleaner fuels like kerosene and natural gas help counteract deforestation, protecting vital habitats for plants and animals.

    In terms of climate change, high-polluting cooking fuels release as much carbon dioxide as the aviation sector. Cleaner appliances, such as electric stoves, can reduce these emissions. According to John Christensen, Director of the UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre, “Technological development and cost reductions have made electric cooking increasingly affordable.” Many developing countries, particularly in Africa, are expanding their renewable energy infrastructure, making electric cooking solutions more accessible.

    Progress and Challenges

    Since 1990, the global population relying on polluting cooking fuels has decreased from over half to 29 percent in 2021. This shift has contributed to a 36 percent reduction in deaths from household air pollution since 2000. However, access to clean energy remains limited in South Asia and parts of Africa, where hundreds of millions still depend on solid fuels.

    Scaling up clean cooking requires substantial investment. The International Energy Agency estimates that $10 billion annually is needed by 2030 to achieve universal access to clean cooking. Current investments fall short of this target. Martina Otto emphasizes the need for increased funding and affordable financing for households to purchase clean cooking technologies, particularly solar-based solutions. She also advocates for including clean cooking targets in countries’ climate pledges, due in 2025.

    International Day of Clean Air

    The International Day of Clean Air for blue skies, facilitated by UNEP, is a crucial event to highlight the importance of clean air for health, productivity, and the environment. This year’s theme, “Invest in #CleanAirNow,” underscores the economic, environmental, and health benefits of investing in clean air technologies. As the world grapples with the challenges of household air pollution, the push for cleaner cooking solutions remains a vital step towards safeguarding health, the environment, and the climate.

    Sri Lankan Provincial Governor Resigns Following Meeting with Indian High Commissioner; Pledges Support to Opposition Leader

    OWSA Contributor
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    Sri Lankan Provincial Governor Resigns Following Meeting with Indian High Commissioner; Pledges Support to Opposition Leader

    As Sri Lanka approaches the presidential election, the resignation of Governor A J M Muzammil and his support for Sajith Premadasa could influence the final outcomes, adding to the intricate dynamics of the upcoming vote.

    In an unexpected political twist, Sri Lanka’s Provincial Governor A J M Muzammil resigned from his post and pledged his support to opposition leader Sajith Premadasa just hours after a meeting with Indian High Commissioner Santosh Jha. The resignation, announced on the eve of the presidential election scheduled for September 21, has sparked speculation about its timing and implications.

    Muzammil, who has served as the Governor of the Uva province since August 2020, tendered his resignation letter to President Ranil Wickremesinghe, expressing his disappointment with certain governors who have openly supported various presidential candidates while holding office. In his resignation letter, Muzammil stated, “I wish to inform Your Excellency that, after my resignation, I intend to support Presidential Candidate Hon. Sajith Premadasa.”

    The governor’s resignation comes 16 days before the crucial presidential poll, with analysts predicting a fragmented vote that may prevent any candidate from securing an outright majority. Muzammil’s resignation and subsequent endorsement of Premadasa add a significant political shift to the already dynamic election landscape.

    Muzammil, a 75-year-old former Mayor of the Colombo Municipal Council, had been a prominent figure in Sri Lankan politics. He continued as governor under the current President Wickremesinghe after the previous president, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, resigned in July 2022 amid mass protests and a severe economic crisis.

    Regular meetings

    Earlier in the day, Muzammil had met with Indian High Commissioner Santosh Jha at India House, the official residence of the High Commissioner. The meeting, described by an Indian High Commission spokesperson as a “regular session on political dialogue and bilateral relations,” has been confirmed to have no direct connection to Muzammil’s resignation or his support for Premadasa.

    “It is one of the regular meetings on political dialogue and bilateral relations,” the spokesperson stated. “India has no involvement in Muzammil’s resignation or his pledge to back Premadasa.”

    Muzammil’s switch in political allegiance is notable, given his history of shifting alliances and positions. His recent endorsement of Premadasa follows a decision by Sri Lanka’s main Tamil party, Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK), to support Premadasa in the upcoming presidential election. This decision came after a meeting between ITAK leaders and India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, who had advised Tamil legislators to negotiate with a viable candidate who could address Tamil aspirations.

    India’s neutral stance

    Despite the flurry of political manoeuvring, India has maintained a neutral stance in Sri Lankan presidential politics. Doval’s visit to Sri Lanka included meetings with several top candidates, including President Wickremesinghe, Premadasa, Marxist leader Anura Kumara Dissanayaka, and Namal Rajapaksa, the son of former President Mahinda Rajapaksa.

    In addition to political developments, India and Sri Lanka have been engaged in negotiations over various infrastructure projects, including renewable energy plants and port deals. However, many of these agreements remain unsigned. India has also expressed concerns over the presence of Chinese research vessels in Sri Lankan waters, citing regional security issues.

    As Sri Lanka approaches the presidential election, the resignation of Governor A J M Muzammil and his support for Sajith Premadasa could influence the final outcomes, adding to the intricate dynamics of the upcoming vote.

    India: Suspected Mpox Case Under Investigation; Patient Stable and Isolated

    OWSA Staff
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    India: Suspected Mpox Case Under Investigation; Patient Stable and Isolated

    Mpox is primarily transmitted through close physical contact with an infected individual. This transmission can occur through direct contact with Mpox lesions or contaminated materials.

    A suspected case of Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is currently under investigation in the country following the hospitalization of a young male patient who recently returned from a nation with ongoing Mpox transmission. The patient, whose identity has not been disclosed, has been isolated in a designated hospital and is reported to be in stable condition.

    The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has confirmed that the patient’s samples are undergoing testing to determine if he is indeed infected with Mpox. The NCDC emphasized that the situation is being managed according to established health protocols. In addition, contact tracing efforts are underway to identify anyone who may have been exposed to the virus and to evaluate the potential impact of this case within the country.

    The development aligns with earlier risk assessments by the NCDC, which had anticipated the possibility of isolated travel-related cases given the global context. The Centre reassured the public that there is no immediate cause for concern, highlighting that the country is well-equipped to handle such isolated incidents and has comprehensive measures in place to address and mitigate any potential risks.

    Last month, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Mpox a public health emergency of international concern. This declaration came after over 120 countries reported Mpox cases between January 2022 and August 2024, totaling more than 100,000 laboratory-confirmed infections and over 220 deaths globally.

    To manage and treat potential cases, three state-run hospitals in Delhi – Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Safdarjung Hospital, and Lady Hardinge Hospital – were designated as key facilities for quarantine and care. Additionally, the Centre had urged all states to prepare local hospitals as nodal centres for handling mpox cases and to inform the public about these facilities.

    Public awareness

    In response to the growing concern, the health ministry recently released an informative video titled “Everything You Need to Know About Mpox!” on social media platform X. Dr. Atul Goel, Director General of Health Services, featured prominently in the video to explain key aspects of Mpox, including symptoms, transmission modes, and treatment options.

    Dr. Goel detailed that Mpox symptoms closely resemble those of the flu and include fever, body rash, swollen lymph nodes, headache, and fatigue. According to WHO, the rash or mucosal lesions associated with Mpox can last between two to four weeks and are typically accompanied by the aforementioned symptoms.

    Unlike airborne viruses such as influenza or COVID-19, Mpox is primarily transmitted through close physical contact with an infected individual. This transmission can occur through direct contact with Mpox lesions or contaminated materials. Consequently, maintaining rigorous hygiene practices and using personal protective equipment is crucial for caregivers and individuals at risk.

    The recovery period for Mpox is generally three to four weeks. Although there is no specific antiviral treatment approved solely for Mpox, therapies used for smallpox, such as immune globulin and antiviral medications, may be effective, especially in severe cases.

    Dr. Goel also highlighted the role of vaccination in preventing Mpox. The WHO advises that an Mpox vaccine can be effective in preventing infection and can be administered up to 14 days after exposure if symptoms have not yet developed. The vaccine may also be given to individuals who have been in close contact with someone diagnosed with Mpox, with the most effective results when administered within four days of exposure.

    Adhere to health guidelines

    Authorities say that as investigations continue, health authorities remain vigilant and committed to managing the situation with transparency and expertise. The public has been encouraged to stay informed through official channels and adhere to health guidelines to ensure safety and prevent further spread of the virus.

    Earlier, in response to the growing global concern over Mpox in India, the government has instructed airport, port, and border authorities to remain vigilant for international passengers exhibiting symptoms of the disease. The move comes as MPox continues to spread worldwide.

    To manage and treat potential cases, three state-run hospitals in Delhi — Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Safdarjung Hospital, and Lady Hardinge Hospital — have been designated as key facilities for quarantine and care. Additionally, the Centre has urged all states to prepare local hospitals as nodal centres for handling mpox cases and to inform the public about these facilities.

    Image: Wikimedia

    Election Monitors Raise Alarm Over State Resource Misuse in Sri Lanka’s Presidential Campaign

    OWSA Contributor
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    Election Monitors Raise Alarm Over State Resource Misuse in Sri Lanka’s Presidential Campaign

    Transparency International Sri Lanka has raised issues regarding public officers in senior roles, who are legally restricted from political activities, actively participating in campaigning both on the ground and via social media.

    Local election monitors in Sri Lanka are sounding the alarm over the alleged misuse of state resources by President Ranil Wickremesinghe’s independent campaign for the 2024 presidential election. These concerns have prompted calls for the Election Commission to take immediate and decisive action to preserve the integrity of the electoral process.

    Transparency International Sri Lanka (TISL), a local affiliate of the global anti-corruption organization, has reported disturbing instances where government vehicles—specifically those from the Sri Lanka Transport Board (SLTB) and the Sri Lanka Air Force—have been used for election-related activities. Additionally, TISL has raised issues regarding public officers in senior roles, who are legally restricted from political activities, actively participating in campaigning both on the ground and via social media.

    TISL has lodged formal complaints with the Election Commission (EC) and relevant government heads, urging a review of the deployment and involvement of these public officers during the election period. Nadishani Perera, Executive Director of TISL, highlighted the problematic timing of recent government decisions, including the write-off of crop loans and the integration of school development officers into the teaching service. “While supporting beneficial policies is important, their announcement during an election period, seemingly favoring certain candidates, constitutes an abuse of power,” Perera stated during a press briefing in Colombo.

    Perera further cautioned voters to remain vigilant against potential manipulation. “Citizens must ensure their votes are not bought or influenced unduly. The conduct of candidates now will reflect their potential leadership if elected,” she warned.

    Inconsistencies in government actions

    President Wickremesinghe, who has been overseeing the country’s economic recovery from a severe crisis, recently announced measures such as crop loan forgiveness and salary hikes for state employees, timed just before the ongoing postal votes. Critics, including Perera, argue that these actions may be designed to sway voter sentiment in Wickremesinghe’s favor.

    Professor Arjuna Parakrama, Chief Operating Officer at the Centre for Monitoring Election Violence (CMEV), has also raised concerns about conflicts of interest arising from Wickremesinghe’s dual role as both an election candidate and the incumbent president. Parakrama criticized the reappointment of former Labour and Foreign Employment Minister Manusha Nanayakkara and Tourism Minister Harin Fernando as advisors for their previous ministries. These appointments, following a recent Supreme Court ruling, have been described by Parakrama as a way to continue utilizing state resources for the campaign.

    He also noted inconsistencies in government actions, pointing out that salary increases for 16 state sector services and the military were announced just before postal voting began, despite previous claims of financial constraints when addressing demands from protesting state sector employees. “This timing raises concerns that such decisions are intended to influence the election outcome,” Parakrama suggested.

    These developments underscore the pressing need for the Election Commission to address these issues promptly to ensure a free and fair election, reinforcing the democratic principles at the core of Sri Lanka’s presidential race.

    People’s Commission Urges Reversal of Forced Evictions in Dhinkia for JSW Project

    OWSA Staff
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    People’s Commission Urges Reversal of Forced Evictions in Dhinkia for JSW Project

    The commission has urged the State to conduct a comprehensive environmental impact assessment of the Paradip Port area, which is already facing significant pollution issues. The assessment should evaluate the pollution load and its effects on local communities, flora, and fauna, the report says.

    In a critical development for the proposed Jindal Steel Works (JSW) project in Jagatsinghpur, Odisha, the People’s Commission on Forceful Land Acquisition and Police Repression has issued a set of stern recommendations following an extensive review of the situation in Dhinkia (Jagatsinghpur, Odisha). Chaired by Justice Madan Lokur, a former Supreme Court judge, the commission’s report underscores significant legal and human rights violations associated with the project.

    The commission, which includes prominent members such as Senior Advocate Sanjay Parikh, Professor Manoranjan Mohanty, Professor Nandini Sundar, former Lok Sabha member Hannan Mollah, and activist Medha Patkar, has highlighted a series of serious concerns regarding the treatment of forest-dwelling communities affected by the JSW project.

    In a well-documented report titled “The People’s Commission on Forceful Land Acquisition and Police Repression in Dhinkia for the Proposed JSW Project in Jagatsinghpur, Odisha”, the People’s Commission has highlighted the ongoing conflicts between local communities, the state government, and corporate interests over forest rights and land use. On September 6, 2024, while releasing this report, Justice Madan Lokur briefed about the report and said, “This report provides a detailed analysis of the struggles faced by villagers in Dhinkia, highlighting their legal battles, the repressive measures used by the State against them, and the broader implications for their livelihoods and constitutional rights.”

    “The report also delves into the legal struggles of Adivasi communities in Dhinkia and their continuous resistance,” he added and highlighted the concerns regarding water usage from the Mahanadi River, the impact on groundwater levels, and the cumulative environmental effects of the project, especially in the context of the existing pollution levels in Paradip and urged that these ecological issues be thoroughly addressed before any further progress on the project.

    Statutory rights to forest land

    Central to the commission’s findings is the issue of forest rights as enshrined in the Forest Rights Act of 2008. The report has emphasised that the ST (Scheduled Tribe) and other traditional forest dwellers have been denied their statutory rights to forest land. According to the Act, these communities are entitled to recognition and protection of their forest rights, and no evictions can occur until this process is complete. The commission found that these mandatory procedures were not followed, leading to the unjust eviction of these communities from their land, which they have occupied since before December 13, 2005.

    The report has condemned the state’s actions, declaring the eviction process to be arbitrary, illegal, and unjust. It recommends that the evicted communities be reinstated to their original lands and that no further forest or environmental clearances should be granted until the forest rights of the affected communities are fully recognized and verified.

    The commission has also criticised the state for its response to peaceful protests by the affected communities. The report condemns the use of excessive force by police, including lathi charges against vulnerable groups such as children, women, and the elderly. It calls for an independent inquiry into these actions and urges immediate legal measures against those responsible for police brutality.

    The report says, “The State’s repression by resorting to unwarranted and excessive force, including lathi charges on the children, women and elderly, was impermissible in law, and for such police brutalities, the state should constitute an enquiry and take immediate action in accordance with the law.”

    It says, “Villagers are undergoing severe hardships as their livelihoods are being jeopardized by the police, preventing them from accessing the forests, which manifests a complete violation of their human rights.”

    Social impact assessment

    Additionally, the commission has recommended that criminal charges against villagers be dropped and that they be protected from further police intimidation while engaging in peaceful protests. The report also calls for the state to provide adequate compensation and rehabilitation to the displaced villagers, including restoring their livelihoods that were disrupted due to the destruction of their beetle vines—a crucial source of income.

    Furthermore, the commission has urged the state to conduct a comprehensive environmental impact assessment of the Paradip Port area, which is already facing significant pollution issues. The assessment should evaluate the pollution load and its effects on local communities, flora, and fauna. Similarly, a thorough social impact assessment should be carried out to address the livelihood challenges faced by the affected families and implement appropriate measures to mitigate these issues.

    It recommends that the government conduct a “comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in the already polluted Paradip Port area, evaluating the pollution load due to the JSW project and its effects on the local population, their lives and livelihoods, and flora and fauna.”

    It further says that the government must “undertake a comprehensive social impact assessment of the affected families, with measures to address their livelihood issues to be promptly implemented.”

    India: Swachh Bharat Mission Linked to Decline in Infant Mortality Rates

    OWSA Staff
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    India: Swachh Bharat Mission Linked to Decline in Infant Mortality Rates

    The study, spanning a decade from 2011 to 2020, analysed data from 35 Indian states and 640 districts. Researchers focused on two key indicators: the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the under-five mortality rate (U5MR), both measured per 1,000 live births.

    On Thursday, Prime Minister Narendra Modi took to X (formerly Twitter) to highlight a recent study underscoring the success of India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM).

    “Happy to see research highlighting the impact of efforts like the Swachh Bharat Mission. Access to proper toilets plays a crucial role in reducing infant and child mortality. Clean, safe sanitation has become a game-changer for public health. And, I am glad India has taken the lead in this,” he posted.

    The study published in the journal, Nature, earlier this week, reveals that India’s Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has made a significant impact on reducing infant and child mortality rates across the country.

    The study, spanning a decade from 2011 to 2020, analysed data from 35 Indian states and 640 districts. Researchers focused on two key indicators: the infant mortality rate (IMR) and the under-five mortality rate (U5MR), both measured per 1,000 live births. The study revealed that districts with over 30 per cent toilet coverage under SBM experienced reductions of 5.3 in the infant mortality rates and 6.8 in the U5MR per thousand live births. In absolute numbers, this co-efficient would scale to at least 60,000 and even up to 70,000 infant lives annually, the study says. 

    Conducted by researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute, University of California, and Ohio State University, the examined the effects of SBM on infant and under-five mortality rates. Analysing data from 35 states and 640 districts over a decade (2011-2020), the research reveals significant improvements in child health linked to increased access to sanitation facilities under the SBM.

    The study, which utilized a quasi-experimental design, provides evidence linking increased toilet access under SBM with improved child survival outcomes. SBM is one of the largest national behavioural change sanitation programs in the world, aimed at eliminating open defecation by providing household toilets across the country. This unique programme has now metamorphised into ensuring Sampoorna Swachhata in the country.

    Key Findings

    By employing a quasi-experimental design, the study provided robust evidence linking increased access to toilets under SBM with improved child survival outcomes.

    Inverse Association Between Toilet Access and Child Mortality: Historically, there has been a strong inverse relationship between access to toilets and child mortality in India. The SBM has intensified this trend. Data show that in districts with more than 30% toilet coverage, there was a reduction of 5.3 in IMR and 6.8 in U5MR per 1,000 live births. This translates into a significant impact, potentially saving 60,000 to 70,000 infant lives each year.

    Scale of Impact: The SBM led to a dramatic increase in toilet availability, with over 117 million toilets built since its inception. For every 10 percentage point increase in district-level toilet access, there was a corresponding reduction in IMR by 0.9 points and U5MR by 1.1 points. This correlation underscores the program’s effectiveness in enhancing child health.

    Comprehensive Approach: Unlike previous sanitation efforts, SBM combined extensive toilet construction with substantial investments in Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaigns, capacity building, and community engagement. This holistic approach has been pivotal in achieving the observed health improvements.

    Broader Public Health Benefits: The study also highlighted that improved toilet access likely reduced exposure to fecal-oral pathogens, contributing to lower incidences of diarrhea and malnutrition—key drivers of child mortality in India.

    Implications for Public Health

    As one of the world’s largest sanitation initiatives, SBM aims to eliminate open defecation by providing household toilets to millions of Indian families. Since its launch, the program has seen the construction of over 117 million toilets across the nation, with a total public investment exceeding 1.4 lakh crore rupees. The mission’s multifaceted approach, which includes toilet construction, educational campaigns, and community engagement, represents a significant departure from previous sanitation efforts in India.

    The study’s results underscore the critical role of sanitation in improving child health and reducing mortality. The SBM’s success offers a powerful case for expanding similar programs globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries facing high rates of infant and child mortality.

    As India continues to address public health challenges, the SBM’s experience provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of large-scale sanitation initiatives. The study suggests that future efforts should focus not only on expanding toilet access but also on sustaining behavioral changes and ensuring the effective utilization of sanitation facilities.

    Novel Evidence of Impact

    The study provides novel evidence of reductions in infant and child mortality following SBM’s comprehensive national sanitation program, indicating its transformative role in improving public health outcomes.

    SBM’s impact on child health in India highlights the transformative potential of large-scale sanitation programs. The substantial reduction in infant and child mortality rates reported in this study demonstrates the critical importance of addressing sanitation and hygiene in public health efforts. As the world continues to confront health challenges, the lessons learned from SBM offer a hopeful path forward, showing that targeted investments in sanitation can deliver life-saving benefits to millions.

    The study emphasizes the need for ongoing investment in sanitation programs as part of broader public health strategies. Ensuring that constructed toilets are used effectively and that behavioral changes are sustained will be crucial for maximizing the health benefits of such initiatives.

    SBM’s approach, which integrates infrastructure development with community engagement and education, could serve as a model for similar programs worldwide. By addressing the root causes of poor sanitation and focusing on comprehensive, evidence-based strategies, countries can make significant strides in improving child health and reducing mortality.

    APEDA Facilitates Historic Export of Indian Pomegranates to Australia

    OWSA Staff
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    APEDA Facilitates Historic Export of Indian Pomegranates to Australia

    In the financial year 2023-24, India exported 72,011 metric tons of pomegranates, valued at USD 69.08 million, to diverse markets including the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, Nepal, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bahrain, and Oman.

    The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) marked a significant milestone on August 31, 2024, by facilitating the first-ever shipment of Indian pomegranates from Mumbai to Melbourne, Australia. This achievement underscores India’s growing presence in global agricultural markets and offers a substantial economic boost to Indian farmers.

    The inaugural consignment, consisting of 1.1 metric tons of pomegranates, was successfully cleared upon arrival in Melbourne. It was prominently displayed at Fine Food Australia 2024, hosted at the APEDA India pavilion. This showcase highlighted the global appeal and quality of Indian pomegranates.

    India’s entry into the Australian market for pomegranates was made possible following Australia’s grant of market access in 2020. This strategic development was bolstered by a work plan and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) established in February 2024, designed to streamline the export process.

    India, recognized as the world’s second-largest producer of horticulture crops, has substantial pomegranate production in states such as Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh. To further support the industry, APEDA has set up Export Promotion Forums (EPFs) focused on pomegranates. These forums bring together representatives from various sectors, including the department of commerce, department of agriculture, state governments, national referral laboratories, and leading exporters, to address supply chain challenges and boost exports.

    In the financial year 2023-24, India exported 72,011 metric tons of pomegranates, valued at USD 69.08 million, to diverse markets including the United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, Nepal, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bahrain, and Oman.

    GI tagged agro-products

    APEDA’s dedication to enhancing the export of perishable fresh fruits and vegetables is evident in its development of sea protocols to preserve product quality during long-distance shipments.

    The consignment to Australia was sent by M/s. Kay Bee Exports, a prominent Mumbai-based exporter of fruits and vegetables, and a registered member of APEDA. The pomegranates, sourced directly from Kay Bee’s partner farms, were meticulously packed at an Australia-approved packhouse in Ahmednagar. This careful handling ensured that the fruit met stringent international quality standards. The shipment, consisting of 336 boxes each weighing 3.5 kg, underwent necessary irradiation treatment at the MSAMB IFC in Vashi, Navi Mumbai, in accordance with the established work plan.

    A source in APEDA said, “This successful consignment to Melbourne not only represents a significant step forward for Indian pomegranate exports but also reflects the ongoing efforts to enhance India’s presence in the global agricultural market.”

    “This initiative not only strengthens India’s position in international markets but also supports local farmers by creating sustainable export opportunities,” he said.

    He said that as a statutory body under India’s ministry of commerce and industry, APEDA is committed to promoting Indian agro and processed food exports. “Its efforts include organizing B2B exhibitions abroad, exploring new market opportunities, and collaborating with Indian embassies to promote natural, organic, and geographical indication (GI) tagged agro-products.”

    Image: Wikimedia

    Bangladesh: Interim Govt Sets Timeline for River Conservation; Accurate Mapping

    OWSA Contributor
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    Bangladesh: Interim Govt Sets Timeline for River Conservation; Accurate Mapping

    Each district will be tasked with developing a time-bound, cost-effective action plan to address illegal encroachments and pollution. This plan must be implemented through coordinated operations aimed at preserving the rivers’ ecological health.

    In a decisive move to address the critical issue of river conservation in Bangladesh, Syeda Rizwana Hasan, the water resource advisor for the interim government, has issued a series of directives aimed at finalizing the accurate count of the country’s rivers and eradicating illegal encroachments. This comprehensive strategy is expected to unfold over the next two months.

    During a virtual inter-ministerial meeting held on Wednesday night, Rizwana, who serves as the advisor to the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, instructed the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), the Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA), the National River Conservation Commission (NRCC), and Divisional Commissioners to collaborate in this vital undertaking.

    Rizwana emphasized the need for a joint, publicly accessible list detailing the exact number of rivers in Bangladesh. The finalized list is to be published on the respective websites of the involved authorities to invite public opinions and objections. She stressed that any objections should be resolved through hearings where necessary, ensuring transparency and public engagement.

    The urgency of this initiative is underscored by Bangladesh’s geographical and cultural reliance on its river systems. As a riverine nation, Bangladesh’s river count is a matter of both ecological and historical significance. According to the BWDB, approximately 907 rivers flow through Bangladesh during the summer and winter seasons.

    However, there is notable ambiguity in these figures. Some reports indicate as few as 310 rivers in the summer and others suggest up to 405 rivers, with historical sources estimating between 700 to 800 rivers. This discrepancy is partly due to the dynamic nature of river flow, seasonal changes, and varying historical records.

    ‘Health card’

    Rizwana’s directives include the identification of at least one river in each of the country’s 64 districts. Each district will be tasked with developing a time-bound, cost-effective action plan to address illegal encroachments and pollution. This plan must be implemented through coordinated operations aimed at preserving the rivers’ ecological health.

    The inter-ministerial meeting, led by secretary of the ministry of water resources, Nazmul Ahsan, featured prominent figures including Brigadier General (Retd) M Sakhawat Hossain, Advisor to the ministry of shipping and the ministry of textiles and jute, as well as secretaries from the environment, land, and shipping ministries. Also in attendance were the chairman of BIWTA, the directors generals of the department of environment and the directorate of land records and survey, representatives of the NRCC, and divisional commissioners.

    In her address, Rizwana highlighted the department of environment’s role in identifying the most polluted rivers and the responsible entities. She called for the establishment of a ‘health card’ for each river to reflect its vitality and stressed the importance of regular monitoring to control pollution.

    Action plan

    Moreover, Rizwana underscored the necessity of involving local residents, particularly the younger generation, social organizations, and NGOs in the conservation efforts. She proposed a ban on plastic water bottles, folders, and banners in government offices as part of a broader strategy to reduce plastic waste.

    The meeting also discussed the Dhaka circular waterway proposal, with Rizwana advising BIWTA to consult with experts regarding the feasibility and current status of the project. Additionally, a committee will be formed to finalize the amendment proposal for the national river conservation commission act, in compliance with court orders.

    The shipping advisor directed divisional commissioners and deputy commissioners to act against illegal encroachments along significant rivers such as Kirtonkhola and Rupsha. A joint campaign with the ministry of environment will be launched to combat the use of polythene bags and encourage eco-friendly alternatives like jute bags.

    The meeting recognized discrepancies in river counts reported by various agencies, including the BWDB, NRCC, ministry of shipping, and water experts. To address these inconsistencies, an action plan will be prepared to implement directives from the country’s supreme court concerning the 2021 writ petition.

    This comprehensive approach aims to not only refine the river count but also to tackle the pressing issues of pollution and encroachment, ensuring the protection of Bangladesh’s vital water resources for future generations.

    How Extreme Heat Intensifies Health Problems and Hunger

    Inter Press Service
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    How Extreme Heat Intensifies Health Problems and Hunger

    Pakistan, one of the countries most impacted by climate change, suffered drought followed by historic flooding that submerged crops and killed thousands of livestock that people rely on for basic food and income.

    By Muhammad Aamir

    In May, temperatures soared above 52° Celsius (125.6° Fahrenheit) in Pakistan’s southern province of Sindh. To cope, Samina Kanwal, a community health worker with Action Against Hunger, began work at 7:00 am — the earliest time possible given neighbourhood security protocols — to travel door-to-door helping vulnerable with the health consequences of extreme heat including heatstroke, difficulties with brain function, and even hunger.

    Of course, these consequences extend beyond Pakistan with the world experiencing the hottest day ever recorded this summer. The health implications are real — and they are growing with the heat.

    Heat is a Health Risk

    Over time, heat strains the body as it tries to cool itself, worsening chronic conditions from asthma to diabetes. It is also causes pregnancy and birth complications, with the rates of premature births increasing after heat waves.

    Heat-related illness occurs because of exposure to high temperatures. Heatstroke can develop in just a few hours and can involve seizures, heart complications, and brain swelling, with high fatality rates. In fact, heat-related deaths worldwide increased by 74 per cent from 1980 to 2016, and researchers attribute nearly 40 per cent of those deaths to climate change.

    Diarrhoea – the third leading cause of death in children younger than five in average temperatures – is much more severe in extreme heat when the symptoms of severe dehydration and fluid loss are compounded. While people typically are advised to drink more fluids as temperatures rise, that assumes access to clean water, which isn’t the case for more than 2 billion people worldwide.

    Brain health is impacted by extreme heat: cognitive function decreases as temperatures rise. One study found that for every degree above 22° Celsius (72° Fahrenheit), standardized test scores fell 0.2 per cent — assuming that school takes place at all. In communities with limited resources, climate-controlled buildings are rare. To protect students, Pakistan’s Punjab province closed schools for a week this summer, leaving 52 per cent of school-age children at home.

    Mental health also suffers due to extreme heat. Hot days are associated with higher risk of emergency room visits for substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and dementia. Studies show that every 1° increase in temperature can increase suicide rates. The effects are pronounced in agricultural areas, where heat damages crops and economic prospects.

    During May’s heatwave, the need for antibiotics and antipyretics (also known as fever reducers) became so great that Action Against Hunger, local authorities, and other partners quickly came together to prevent shortages and manage other health risks, like filling and carrying jugs of clean water. To reduce the impacts on the women and girls that this task typically falls to, we expanded shaded areas around community water sources.

    Heat and Hunger

    Drought and crop failure are obvious consequences of heat that impact food accessibility. High temperatures can dry soil, lowering crop yields and driving up food prices. These impacts become more widespread as climate change accelerates, and it’s already impacting nutrition among vulnerable populations.

    Extreme heat intensified chronic and acute malnutrition in multiple West African countries, an area vulnerable to deadly heat waves. Over a 90 day period, just 14 days of temperatures between 86 and 95° led to a 2.2 per cent increase in child “wasting,” which happens when a child loses muscle and fat tissue, becoming too thin for their height.

    For every 100 hours of exposure to a temperature above 95° Fahrenheit, the “stunting rate” among children — where a child is too short for their age — increased by 5.9 per cent.

    Today, one in four children is undernourished. But researchers have warned that if the global temperature increases by 2°, the rate of stunting due to heat exposure will nearly double. Without a concerted effort from the global community to mitigate climate change, the world is on track to surpass this threshold, leading to devastating health impacts for children, families, and communities.

    Low-income countries will feel these effects the most, as most poor nations are located in regions that will be two to five times more susceptible to heat waves than richer countries by the 2060s. These challenges are compounded by other climate impacts: Pakistan, one of the countries most impacted by climate change, suffered drought followed by historic flooding that submerged crops and killed thousands of livestock that people rely on for basic food and income.

    This zig-zag between extremes has left more than two million people in need of emergency assistance. The climate crisis is a health crisis. Paradoxically, heatmakes it harder to engage in protective measures. And health systems are not well prepared to deal with an additional influx of patients alongside the burden that heat waves place on everything from supply chains to the power grid.

    Solutions for the Future

    The good news is that efforts are underway to create more climate-resilient health systems. Leaders increasingly recognize the need for a “one health” approach that acts on the interconnections between human and environmental health. We also need to ensure that the links between heat and hunger are central to that agenda.

    Developing climate change early action plans and leading simulation exercises for key stakeholders is crucial to a solution. We have implemented programs, for example, that contributed to agricultural benefits over time: farmers were able to store 15 per cent additional seeds for the next cultivation cycle, and preservation practices of rice and wheat stock improved by 100 per cent.

    Beneficiaries also reported a 25 per cent decrease in soil-related issues due to flooding, which shows that the program had a positive impact on mitigating the effects of climate disasters. The introduction of irrigation systems and water management techniques helped farmers overcome weather-related challenges.

    Solutions like income generation opportunities, promotion of climate-smart agriculture practices, climate-friendly irrigation systems, provision of treatment for severely malnourished children, and additive health services will be key to creating a sustainable and thriving world amid increasing temperatures.

    Muhammad Aamir is Pakistan Country Director, Action Against Hunger

    This piece has been sourced from Inter Press Service.

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