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    Union Budget 2025-26: Growth, Reforms, and Political Controversy

    OWSA Staff
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    Union Budget 2025-26: Growth, Reforms, and Political Controversy

    One of the most controversial aspects of the budget is its special focus on Bihar, which faces elections later this year. Tejashwi Yadav, Leader of the Opposition in Bihar, dismissed the announcements as “jumla” (empty promises), questioning the lack of a special package for the state.

    Union Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs, Nirmala Sitharaman, presented the Union Budget 2025-26 in Parliament on Saturday, unveiling a roadmap for a “Viksit Bharat” (Developed India) under the theme “Sabka Vikas” (Development for All). She said that the budget emphasises poverty alleviation, quality education, healthcare, women’s economic participation, employment, and agricultural advancements. While the government hails it as a progressive and transformative budget, the Opposition has criticised it as an electoral strategy that neglects key social sectors.

    The Finance Minister began her speech by quoting renowned Telugu poet and playwright Gurajada Appa Rao: “A country is not just its soil; a country is its people.” In alignment with this philosophy, the budget focuses on six key pillars:

    • Zero poverty
    • 100 per cent good quality school education
    • Affordable and comprehensive healthcare for all
    • 100 per cent skilled labour with meaningful employment
    • 70 per cent women participation in economic activities
    • Transforming India into the ‘Food Basket of the World’

    Sitharaman said that the Union Budget aims to sustain economic momentum by fostering private investment, stimulating growth in key sectors, and enhancing the spending power of India’s rising middle class.

    Agriculture: Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana

    To strengthen India’s agricultural backbone, the budget introduces the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, covering 100 districts. The scheme will focus on improving productivity, crop diversification, irrigation facilities, and post-harvest storage.

    A six-year “Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses” will be launched, with NAFED and NCCF procuring pulses from farmers over the next four years. Other key agricultural initiatives include:

    • Increase in Kisan Credit Card loan limit from Rs. 3 lakh to Rs. 5 lakh.
    • Comprehensive Programme for Vegetables & Fruits to support horticulture.
    • A five-year Mission for Cotton Productivity to improve output and global competitiveness.

    MSMEs: Strengthening Small Businesses

    MSMEs, which contribute 45 per cent of India’s exports, received a major boost with enhanced investment and turnover limits. The Finance Minister also announced:

    • New Scheme for 5 Lakh Women, SC, and ST Entrepreneurs, providing term loans up to Rs. 2 crore over five years.
    • A National Manufacturing Mission to position India as a global hub for toy manufacturing.
    • Enhanced credit availability with increased guarantee cover for MSMEs.

    Investment: Fostering Growth and Innovation

    Investment in people, economy, and innovation is a central theme of the budget. Key announcements include:

    • 50,000 Atal Tinkering Labs in government schools over five years.
    • Broadband connectivity in all government secondary schools and primary health centers.
    • A Centre of Excellence in AI for Education, with an outlay of Rs. 500 crore.
    • Rs. 1.5 lakh crore in interest-free loans to states for capital expenditure.
    • Urban Challenge Fund of Rs. 1 lakh crore to develop cities into growth hubs.
    • Gyan Bharatam Mission to digitally document and conserve over 1 crore manuscripts.

    Exports: Enhancing Global Competitiveness

    The Export Promotion Mission will enable MSMEs to tap into global markets. Other key initiatives include:

    • ‘BharatTradeNet’ (BTN): A digital public infrastructure platform for trade documentation and financing solutions.
    • Support for the domestic electronic industry to integrate into Industry 4.0.
    • Infrastructure and warehousing upgrades for air cargo, including perishable horticultural exports.

    Reforms as the Driving Force

    The Finance Minister stressed that reforms remain the key to India’s economic success. The government has introduced numerous tax reforms, emphasising a “trust first, scrutinise later” approach. The budget also proposes:

    • Raising Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in insurance from 74 per cent to 100 per cent.
    • Jan Vishwas Bill 2.0, decriminalising over 100 provisions across various laws.
    • A High-Level Committee for Regulatory Reforms to enhance ease of doing business.
    • Investment Friendliness Index of States to promote competitive federalism.

    Political Backlash: Criticism from Opposition

    Despite the ambitious vision, the budget has drawn strong criticism from opposition leaders. Dr. Amit Mitra, Principal Chief Advisor to the West Bengal CM, called it a “DISASTER” for common people, citing significant cuts in:

    • Social services allocation (-16 per cent)
    • Housing (-4.38 per cent)
    • SC/ST welfare (-3 per cent)
    • Social services for welfare (-5 per cent)
    • Food subsidy (-1 per cent)

    Dr. Mitra highlighted alarming unemployment figures:

    • 46 per cent overall youth unemployment
    • 30 per cent educated youth unemployment
    • 37 billion people unemployed (data from Oct-Dec 2025)

    He also criticised the 100 per cent FDI in insurance, arguing it could threaten public sector companies like LIC India. Additionally, he raised concerns about stagnant manufacturing growth (15 per cent, below the promised 25 per cent) and unchecked inflation, claiming that any gains from income tax cuts would be negated.

    Budget and Bihar: An Electoral Strategy?

    One of the most controversial aspects of the budget is its special focus on Bihar, which faces elections later this year. Major announcements for Bihar include:

    • A Board for Makhana production in North Bihar.
    • Greenfield airports to boost connectivity.
    • Funding for the Western Kosi Canal Project to improve irrigation.
    • Expansion of IIT Patna and establishment of a National Institute of Food Technology.

    Opposition leaders have accused the government of tailoring the budget to secure electoral gains in Bihar. Tejashwi Yadav, Leader of the Opposition in Bihar, dismissed the announcements as “jumla” (empty promises), questioning the lack of a special package for the state.

    Government’s Defense: “A Budget for the People”

    In an exclusive interview with the news channel, NDTV, Finance Minister Sitharaman dismissed the Opposition’s claims, arguing that the budget was designed for the people, not elections. She emphasised that Bihar deserved development, stating, “Isn’t Bihar a part of India? Bihar’s workers are found across the country. Shouldn’t there be work in their villages?”

    Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, a BJP ally, praised the budget, calling it progressive and futuristic, particularly welcoming the greenfield airport proposal and enhanced infrastructure spending.

    The Union Budget 2025-26 presents an ambitious vision for a developed, self-reliant India with significant investments in agriculture, MSMEs, exports, and innovation. However, the budget has sparked a heated political debate over its perceived electoral motives and social sector cuts.

    As India moves forward, the success of these budgetary measures will depend on effective implementation and their impact on economic growth, employment, and inflation. The coming months will reveal whether this budget is truly a step toward Viksit Bharat or just another pre-election strategy.

    Tax cuts to small minority, says CPM

    The CPI(M) called the Union Budget 2025-26 “a cruel betrayal of the requirements of the people of India.”

    “Instead of addressing the root cause of the demand problem being faced by so many sectors of the economy, the lack of purchasing power in the hands of large sections of the population because of mass unemployment and shrinking wages, the Modi government through the budget is seeking to stimulate the economy by giving tax cuts to the small minority with higher incomes even as expenditures are cut,” a party statement read.

    CPI(M) argued that while the Economic Survey shows the desperate plight of India’s labour force, pointing out the decrease in earnings over the last five years, this budget with its emphasis on cutting government expenditures while giving concessions to the rich will only increase the huge inequalities in India. Instead of mobilising resources by taxing the rich and the big corporate houses and pushing up public investment that would help generate employment and ensure a minimum wage for our people, it has chosen to do the opposite. It also seeks to foster greater wealth accumulation by the rich by promoting private investment, even placing public assets and public expenditure at its service. In this Budget the government proposes 100 per cent entry of FDI in the insurance sector and privatisation of power sector as well. It is therefore a budget by the rich for the rich.

    Expenditure as a percentage of GDP is destined to come down once again, as has been happening every year since 2020-21 – this time from 14.6 per cent in 2024-25 to 14.2 per cent in 2025-26, the CPI(M) said.

    Pakistan: Growing Drought Risk Amid 40 Per Cent Rainfall Deficit

    OWSA Contributor
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    Pakistan: Growing Drought Risk Amid 40 Per Cent Rainfall Deficit

    Experts emphasize the need for immediate policy interventions, efficient water management strategies, and support for affected communities to navigate the growing risks posed by climate change and erratic weather patterns.

    Pakistan is grappling with an increasing risk of drought as the country experiences a significant decline in rainfall, with a 40 per cent deficit recorded over the past four months. The shortfall, affecting various provinces differently, is raising concerns over worsening drought conditions and an earlier onset of summer.

    According to the Meteorological Department, the period from September 1 to January 15 saw a drastic reduction in rainfall, with Sindh experiencing a 52 per cent decrease and Balochistan witnessing a 45 per cent shortfall. Punjab recorded a 42 per cent decline, while other regions also faced varying degrees of deficit. The lack of adequate rainfall has already begun to manifest in drought-like conditions, especially in areas heavily reliant on rain-fed agriculture.

    Drought Conditions in Multiple Regions

    Several regions, including Punjab’s Pothohar, Layyah, Bhakkar, and Multan, are already showing early signs of drought. The situation is expected to worsen in the coming weeks, particularly in areas dependent on rainfall for agricultural activities. In Rajanpur, Bahawalpur, and Sargodha, similar trends have been observed, adding to concerns over water shortages and agricultural disruptions.

    In Sindh, major cities such as Karachi, Hyderabad, and Badin are also beginning to experience the effects of reduced rainfall. Likewise, multiple towns in Balochistan are exhibiting early-stage drought conditions, with fears that the crisis could deepen if dry weather persists. The Meteorological Department has warned that if the current trend continues, widespread drought and extreme heatwaves could follow, further straining water resources and livelihoods.

    Dry Conditions to Persist

    While drought risks rise, Pakistan is also set to experience a spell of cold and dry weather in most parts of the country. The Meteorological Department forecasts chilly conditions with limited rainfall, except for some areas in the northern regions where light rain and snowfall are expected.

    Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, and parts of northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) are likely to receive rain and snowfall in the coming days. Higher-altitude areas such as Chitral, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Kohistan, Mansehra, Battagram, Abbottabad, and Waziristan are expected to witness light snowfall, adding a temporary respite to the prolonged dry spell in other parts of the country.

    In Punjab, the cold and dry conditions will persist, with no significant rainfall expected. Similarly, Sindh will continue to experience dry weather, exacerbating existing water scarcity issues. Balochistan’s higher altitudes, including Quetta, Ziarat, Chaman, Pishin, Qila Abdullah, Barkhan, and Chagai, may witness light rain and snowfall, but most districts will remain cold and dry.

    Islamabad and its surrounding regions are forecasted to experience cold weather with partly cloudy skies. The northern parts of the country, including Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, are expected to remain overcast with intermittent rain and snowfall, offering some relief from the persistent dry conditions.

    Potential Impacts

    Experts warn that the prolonged lack of rainfall could have severe consequences, particularly for Pakistan’s agricultural sector, which heavily relies on monsoon and seasonal rains. Reduced water availability could lead to lower crop yields, food shortages, and increased economic hardships for farmers. Additionally, the anticipated early arrival of summer due to rising temperatures could further intensify drought conditions, putting pressure on water reservoirs and irrigation systems.

    The Meteorological Department has urged authorities to take proactive measures to manage water resources efficiently and mitigate the impact of prolonged dryness. Local governments are advised to monitor drought-prone areas closely and implement contingency plans to address water scarcity issues.

    As Pakistan braces for a challenging period ahead, experts emphasize the need for immediate policy interventions, efficient water management strategies, and support for affected communities to navigate the growing risks posed by climate change and erratic weather patterns.

    Bangladesh: Political Challenges Intensify; Growing Pressure on Interim Government

    OWSA Contributor
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    Bangladesh: Political Challenges Intensify; Growing Pressure on Interim Government

    In addition to internal political and economic challenges, Bangladesh’s relationship with India remains strained. The ICG report underscores that tensions with New Delhi show little sign of abating, and the ongoing Rohingya refugee crisis continues to weigh heavily on Bangladesh.

    The Brussels-based International Crisis Group (ICG) has warned that political tensions in Bangladesh are likely to escalate as key players negotiate electoral reforms and political influence. The Brussels-based think tank emphasized that the “honeymoon period” for Bangladesh’s interim government has come to an end, raising concerns over the country’s path toward democratic transition.

    ICG’s latest “EU Watchlist” report, which identifies areas where the European Union (EU) can enhance prospects for peace, highlights Bangladesh as one of the critical regions requiring international attention. Commenting on the report, Thomas Kean, Senior Consultant on Myanmar and Bangladesh at Crisis Group, stated, “Free, fair, and peaceful polls will be paramount for restoring the Bangladeshi people’s faith in electoral politics.”

    The interim government, formed after the ousting of long-serving Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina following a popular uprising less than six months ago, has announced fresh elections. These are set to take place between December 2025 and June 2026. However, with elections approaching, the administration is under mounting pressure to deliver on its promises of democratic reforms, economic stabilization, and improved governance.

    Economic difficulties are adding to the strain, as the country grapples with rising prices—an issue ICG attributes to mismanagement under the former Hasina administration. “It will be some time before the Bangladeshi people really see the benefits of ongoing efforts to get the economy back on track,” Kean noted.

    Opportunity for Political Reform

    In addition to internal political and economic challenges, Bangladesh’s relationship with India remains strained. The ICG report underscores that tensions with New Delhi show little sign of abating, and the ongoing Rohingya refugee crisis continues to weigh heavily on Bangladesh.

    Kean pointed out that prospects for repatriating Rohingya refugees remain bleak due to ongoing violence in Myanmar. As a result, the interim government will need to work with international partners to ensure the sustainability of refugee assistance programs. The report also calls on the EU and its member states to maintain their humanitarian response, particularly as international funding has declined in recent years. The United Nations’ 2024 response plan for the Rohingya crisis, for instance, is only 56 per cent funded.

    Despite these challenges, ICG sees a unique opportunity for Bangladesh to reshape its political landscape and build a more inclusive and accountable system. Reform commissions have begun submitting hundreds of proposals aimed at achieving these goals, and the success of these efforts will depend heavily on both domestic political will and international support.

    Foreign partners, including the EU, have a significant role to play, according to ICG. The report encourages EU member states to provide rhetorical, technical, and financial support for the reform process, ensuring the interim government successfully steers Bangladesh toward democratic elections.

    “For the EU specifically, Bangladesh presents an opportunity to support a democratic transition and improve its standing with an important trade partner in a region of critical geopolitical importance,” Kean stated.

    Illegally Acquired Assets

    ICG also urges the EU to assist Bangladesh in recovering assets allegedly acquired illegally by individuals linked to the previous Hasina government. Many of these assets are located in Europe, and the report suggests that EU member states should take an active role in ensuring they are returned to Bangladesh.

    The group further advises European diplomats to push for improved relations between Bangladesh and India. The report suggests that the EU should emphasize to New Delhi that maintaining a close alliance with Hasina’s Awami League is no longer a viable long-term strategy. It warns that India’s perceived reluctance to support the interim government is fueling anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh.

    At the same time, ICG recommends that Bangladesh take steps to address legitimate Indian concerns, such as honoring commitments related to bilateral projects initiated under Hasina’s tenure.

    Rohingya Crisis

    With the US expected to reduce its refugee resettlement numbers and possibly cut aid under a potential Trump administration, the report stresses that EU member states should step up their efforts to support the Rohingya. While the EU remains one of the largest donors to the humanitarian response, some European countries have already scaled back their assistance—a trend that could accelerate further.

    Given the likelihood that most Rohingya refugees will remain in camps in southern Bangladesh for the foreseeable future, ICG recommends that the EU work with Dhaka to implement policies that promote refugee self-reliance and reduce the costs of delivering essential services.

    Additionally, the group suggests that the EU support Bangladesh’s initiative to host a high-level Rohingya conference later in 2025. It also calls for increased engagement with the Arakan Army, a key actor in Myanmar that is expected to play a crucial role in any future repatriation plans.

    Challenges Abound

    As Bangladesh navigates this period of political transformation, the international community’s support will be crucial in ensuring a smooth and democratic transition. While challenges abound—ranging from economic instability and strained foreign relations to the humanitarian crisis—the upcoming election represents a significant opportunity for Bangladesh to redefine its political landscape.

    ICG’s report makes it clear that the EU and its member states must take proactive steps to aid Bangladesh’s transition, not only to secure democratic governance in the country but also to strengthen their strategic ties in South Asia.

    With elections looming, the coming year will be a decisive one for Bangladesh’s future. The success or failure of the interim government’s reform efforts will likely shape the country’s political direction for years to come, making international cooperation and support all the more critical.

    Bangladesh: Reforms Needed to Restore Democracy, Says Human Rights Watch

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    Bangladesh: Reforms Needed to Restore Democracy, Says Human Rights Watch

    Human Rights Watch says that the interim government should bring a consensus resolution at the Human Rights Council session in March to ensure continued UN monitoring and reporting to support the reform process, and donor governments should emphasise core structural reforms.

    Human Rights Watch has emphasised the urgency of systemic reforms to ensure lasting stability and justice, releasing a 50-page report, “After the Monsoon Revolution: A Roadmap to Lasting Security Sector Reform in Bangladesh.” The report, released on Monday, calls for core structural changes across institutions and highlights the critical role of international support in sustaining progress.

    ‘Monsoon Revolution’ urges the interim government to establish legal detention practices and repeal laws used to target critics. Reforms should be centred on separation of powers and ensuring political neutrality across institutions, including the civil service, police, military, and the judiciary. The government should seek technical assistance, monitoring, and reporting by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and other UN rights experts to ensure lasting reforms.

    “Nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis lost their lives fighting for democracy, ushering in a landmark opportunity to build a rights-respecting future in Bangladesh,” said Elaine Pearson, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. “This hard-won progress could all be lost if the interim government does not create swift and structural reforms that can withstand any repression by future governments.”

    Pearson said that the recommendations are based on over 20 years of Human Rights Watch research and documentation in Bangladesh as well as recent interviews with human rights activists, members of the interim government, and current and former law enforcement and military officials.

    The Revolution and its Aftermath

    The departure of Sheikh Hasina’s administration marked the end of a 15-year era defined by increasing autocracy. Over the years, Hasina’s Awami League government had been accused of deploying security forces to suppress dissent through enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, arbitrary arrests, surveillance, and torture. Institutions meant to provide checks and balances, including the judiciary and national human rights commission, were systematically weakened.

    One former police officer revealed to Human Rights Watch that loyalty to the ruling party often overshadowed merit, leading to a deeply politicised and biased police force. “The police became increasingly like party cadres,” the officer said, reflecting on years of unchecked abuses.

    The transition of power was catalysed by the deaths of nearly 1,000 people in protests against the Hasina government. This movement, referred to as the “Monsoon Revolution,” has ushered in a fragile yet hopeful era. Muhammad Yunus, a Nobel laureate and former critic of the Awami League, was appointed head of the interim government by student activists. Yunus has pledged to hold free and fair elections while implementing essential reforms.

    Addressing Past Abuses

    Human Rights Watch’s report provides a comprehensive roadmap for reform, urging the interim government to:

    • Establish legal and transparent detention practices.
    • Repeal laws used to target critics and opposition voices.
    • Ensure political neutrality across institutions such as the judiciary, police, and military.
    • Seek technical assistance and monitoring from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to implement reforms effectively.

    “Nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis lost their lives fighting for democracy, ushering in a landmark opportunity to build a rights-respecting future,” said Elaine Pearson, Asia Director at Human Rights Watch. “This hard-won progress could all be lost without swift and structural reforms that can withstand repression by future governments.”

    The interim government has already made strides by dropping politically motivated cases filed by the previous administration and ordering an end to extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. A commission led by Yunus is slated to implement recommendations from six task forces focusing on electoral, judicial, administrative, and constitutional reforms.

    However, challenges persist. Human Rights Watch has documented a troubling resurgence of abuses by security forces, now targeting former Awami League supporters. Over 1,000 police cases have been filed against tens of thousands of individuals, including over 400 former Awami League ministers and leaders, accused of crimes ranging from corruption to murder. Mass complaints without sufficient evidence risk undermining the credibility of justice.

    Family members of victims from the Monsoon Revolution have reported coercion to sign vague police reports, often with the promise of financial compensation. Human Rights Watch has urged the government to prohibit cases against unnamed individuals and mass arrest warrants, revising overly broad laws that target critics.

    Accountability for Enforced Disappearances

    One of the most damning legacies of the Hasina administration is the practice of enforced disappearances. A December 2024 report by the national commission investigating disappearances estimates that over 3,500 individuals were forcibly disappeared under Hasina’s rule. Senior officials, including Major Generals Tarique Ahmed Siddique and Ziaul Ahsan, were implicated in overseeing these abuses.

    Mir Ahmad Bin Quasem, a lawyer who was held in secret detention for eight years, described his harrowing experience: “The facility was meticulously designed to give detainees a worse-than-death experience.” He recounted hearing the screams of others being tortured, a chilling reminder of the systematic and institutionalised nature of these practices.

    The commission has recommended the disbandment of the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), a counterterrorism unit implicated in numerous extrajudicial killings and disappearances. In response, RAB’s chief acknowledged the unit’s secret detention centers and expressed willingness to comply if the interim government decides to disband the unit.

    Freedom of Speech; Minority Rights

    Despite Yunus’ assurances of respecting free speech, concerns remain about the interim government’s treatment of journalists. Authorities have filed murder charges against at least 140 journalists for their reporting on the Monsoon Revolution and revoked over 150 press accreditations. Sedition charges have also been filed against 19 individuals for allegedly desecrating the national flag.

    Minority communities, particularly Hindus, continue to face violent attacks. The police’s failure to protect these communities underscores the need for robust reforms to ensure accountability and equal protection under the law. Additionally, a new ordinance to replace the abusive Cyber Security Act replicates many of its harmful provisions, further stifling freedom of expression.

    International Support and Oversight

    To ensure the longevity of these reforms, Human Rights Watch has called for international oversight. The interim government is urged to introduce a resolution at the UN Human Rights Council’s March 2025 session, mandating regular monitoring and reporting on Bangladesh’s human rights situation by the OHCHR. Donor governments should invest in training and reforming Bangladesh’s security sector, but only alongside meaningful structural changes.

    Bangladesh’s accession to the UN Convention on Enforced Disappearances is a significant step forward. Ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and inviting UN subcommittees to make recommendations would further demonstrate the government’s commitment to reform.

    Survivors’ Stories

    The experiences of survivors like Amir Hussain and Iman Hossain Tayem highlight the brutal tactics used by security forces during the Monsoon Revolution. Hussain, an 18-year-old protester, was shot six times while attempting to escape police violence. Tayem, a college student, was fatally shot from behind as he tried to flee. Such accounts underscore the need for accountability and strict adherence to international standards on the use of force.

    Survivors of enforced disappearances have also come forward with harrowing testimonies. Michael Chakma, an Indigenous rights activist, described being tortured and threatened with indefinite detention. “We can keep you here for 30 years, and nobody will ever find you,” his captors told him. These stories serve as stark reminders of the systemic abuses that must be addressed to build a just and democratic Bangladesh.

    Building a Sustainable Future

    Bangladesh’s divisive political history has often seeped into law enforcement and governance. Establishing independent civilian oversight of security forces and enforcing international standards on the use of force are crucial steps toward restoring public trust. The national human rights commission should be empowered to carry out unannounced inspections of detention facilities and hold violators accountable.

    “Bangladesh’s interim government has the monumental task of undoing 15 years of increasingly entrenched autocracy,” Pearson said. “The interim government should enlist UN support to cement structural reforms so that the abuses of the past do not become a blueprint for Bangladesh’s future.”

    As the world watches, Bangladesh stands at a crossroads. The actions taken by the interim government in the coming months will determine whether the sacrifices of the Monsoon Revolution pave the way for a brighter future or become a fleeting moment in the nation’s turbulent history. Only through meaningful and sustained reforms can Bangladesh ensure justice, accountability, and democracy for generations to come.

    Image: By Rayhan9d/Wikimedia

    WTI Installs Early Detection System to Reduce Human-Wildlife Conflict in Pilibhit

    OWSA Staff
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    WTI Installs Early Detection System to Reduce Human-Wildlife Conflict in Pilibhit

    Early detection and deterrence of wild carnivores near human settlements is a fundamental step in human-carnivore conflict management. ANIDERS employs a combination of loud sound and intense light to startle big cats and prevent them from entering human habitations.

    In a significant step towards mitigating human-wildlife conflict in the Terai region, the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) has introduced the Animal Intrusion Detection and Repellent System (ANIDERS) in Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh. This initiative aims to address challenges posed by increasing human-wildlife interactions, particularly with flagship species such as tigers and leopards.

    The installation of ANIDERS comes at a crucial time as tiger populations in Pilibhit have grown due to effective wildlife management and strict law enforcement. While this is a positive development for conservation and tourism, it has also led to a rise in human-wildlife conflicts, particularly in villages bordering forested areas. ANIDERS, a solar-powered, eco-friendly system, is designed to notify locals of wildlife presence using light and sound deterrents. The objective is to prevent potentially dangerous encounters between humans and wild animals.

    Implementation in High-Risk Areas

    Early detection and deterrence of wild carnivores near human settlements is a fundamental step in human-carnivore conflict management. ANIDERS employs a combination of loud sound and intense light to startle big cats and prevent them from entering human habitations. In conjunction with camera traps, the system will enhance early warning capabilities, allowing timely intervention.

    However, experts stress the importance of relocating ANIDERS units periodically to prevent tigers and leopards from becoming habituated to the deterrent effects. The Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and Chester Zoo have extended their support to this conservation initiative, underscoring the importance of collaboration in wildlife protection.

    According to Mr. Manish Singh, Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) of the Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Division, 10 ANIDERS units have been installed in Mandaria and Dhankuni villages — areas identified as high-risk zones for tiger activity. “With WTI’s support, these installations aim to reduce ongoing conflicts in the region. We hope this measure will bring much-needed relief to local communities,” he stated.

    Dr. Dibyadeep Chatterjee, Project Head of WTI Pilibhit, highlighted the initiative’s significance, stating, “This represents a crucial step towards ensuring safer spaces for both communities and wildlife. We are optimistic about the potential of ANIDERS to mitigate conflicts and promote coexistence.”

    Under the pilot phase of the project, ANIDERS devices have been strategically placed in sets of five in Mandaria and Dhankuni. These locations, situated within the Pilibhit Social Forestry Area, have been identified as particularly prone to human-wildlife conflicts. The installation was carried out by Kyari Innovation Pvt Ltd, a Delhi-based company, under the technical guidance of Engineer Pradeep Singh.

    Community and Stakeholder Involvement

    The launch event saw an enthusiastic and collaborative effort from multiple stakeholders. WTI field officers Archit Mishra, Debkanta Kabiraj, Jyoti Antil, Arun Kumar, and program officers Divya Mehra and Sadhika Sehgal played a key role in executing the initiative. They were joined by Assistant Rustam Rana and representatives from the Forest Department, including Range Officer Vineet Srivastava, Deputy Ranger Sher Singh, Forest Guard Soni Singh, and Watcher Rama Avtar.

    Local community leaders also actively participated in the initiative. Gram Pradhans Ramesh Kumar (Mandaria) and Prameshwari Dayal (Dhankuni) were present at the launch, demonstrating strong local engagement and support for wildlife conservation efforts.

    WTI’s Conservation Efforts

    A spokesperson for WTI emphasized the organization’s long-standing commitment to wildlife conservation. Over its 25 years of operations, WTI has made significant contributions, including:

    • Saving more than 42,000 animal lives
    • Training and equipping 20,000 frontline forest staff
    • Assisting the government in establishing seven protected areas
    • Sensitising 2.5 million children on conservation issues
    • Protecting approximately 1,200 sq km of natural habitat, including mangroves and coral reefs
    • Supporting enforcement agencies in combatting wildlife crimes

    With the introduction of ANIDERS in Pilibhit, WTI and its partners hope to foster a more harmonious coexistence between humans and wildlife, ensuring the safety of both communities and endangered species in the region.

    Japan’s Leading Trading Houses Skirt Energy Security and Climate Goals

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    Japan’s Leading Trading Houses Skirt Energy Security and Climate Goals

    Market Forces says that this group of seven leading “trading houses”, together with JERA, the country’s largest power company, are exacerbating energy insecurity in Asia by increasing the region’s dependence on gas.

    In a critical moment for global energy transition, Japan’s leading trading houses, known as “sogo shosha,” continue to expand their fossil fuel investments, increasing Asia’s dependence on gas and undermining the shift towards renewable energy.

    A report released today by the environmental advocacy group, Market Forces, highlights the troubling role of these corporations and JERA Co. Inc., Japan’s largest power generator and LNG trader, in perpetuating energy insecurity and climate risk in the region.

    The seven major trading houses — Itochu Corporation, Marubeni Corporation, Mitsubishi Corporation, Mitsui & Co., Sojitz Corporation, Sumitomo Corporation, and Toyota Tsusho — are economic giants with vast global operations. With an average market capitalization 11 times the size of an average Tokyo Stock Exchange Prime listed company as of October 2024, these firms wield significant influence over multiple industries, including energy.

    The claim that lifecycle emissions of gas power are lower than coal power is increasingly being questioned. Yet these companies are pouring investment into new gas power plants in Asia and gas export facilities around the world. If built, the 8 gigawatts (GW) of gas power plants planned by these companies would release greenhouse gases equivalent to 584 million tonnes of CO2 over the plants’ operating lives. This is equal to more than half of Japan’s annual emissions in 2022.

    The report warns that the activities of the sogo shoshas expose emerging economies in Asia to financial and environmental risks associated with fossil fuel dependency. This exposes the region to volatile global gas markets and undermines the transition to clean energy.

    Risky Expansion of Gas Infrastructure

    Despite growing global consensus on the need to transition away from fossil fuels, Japan’s trading houses and JERA plan to build an additional 8 gigawatts (GW) of gas power plants, predominantly in South and Southeast Asia. If completed, these plants would release greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 584 million tonnes of CO2 over their operational lifetimes—more than half of Japan’s annual emissions in 2022.

    The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that the world has enough gas capacity under all scenarios up until 2040. Furthermore, gas plant capacity utilization rates are projected to decline from 2030 onwards, reinforcing the argument that further expansion in gas infrastructure is unnecessary and financially unsound.

    The planned expansion of gas power infrastructure is particularly concerning for South and Southeast Asia, regions that are already vulnerable to energy price volatility and supply disruptions. Of the 8 Giga Watts of gas power capacity planned by the Japanese firms, 96 per cent is concentrated in Asia. Shockingly, these companies are investing 8.6 times more in gas power than in solar and wind combined in these regions.

    While gas has often been marketed as a cleaner alternative to coal, recent studies challenge this claim, particularly when considering full lifecycle emissions, including methane leaks. The continued prioritisation of gas over renewable energy threatens the long-term energy security of these nations, locking them into costly and polluting infrastructure.

    Environmental and Social Costs of Gas Expansion

    Japan has set a target for renewable energy to comprise a significant share of its energy mix by 2030. However, the trading houses and JERA are making negligible contributions to this goal. Their total existing and planned solar and wind capacity accounts for only 5 per cent of Japan’s 2030 renewable energy target. Given their dominant position in energy supply chains, this shortfall is a glaring failure to align with national and international decarbonisation efforts.

    The trading houses’ reluctance to shift away from gas is also a financial risk. Companies that fail to transition to renewables face growing regulatory, reputational, and investment-related risks. Investors are increasingly scrutinizing firms for their sustainability strategies, and failure to adapt could lead to capital flight and declining competitiveness in the global market.

    Beyond economic concerns, the report sheds light on the environmental and social controversies surrounding Japanese fossil fuel projects. Communities and ecosystems in developing nations are being sacrificed for these companies’ financial ventures. Case studies indicate that local populations face displacement, pollution, and economic instability due to these gas projects.

    For example, the construction of LNG terminals and power plants in Southeast Asia has led to widespread deforestation, loss of marine biodiversity, and air and water pollution. Additionally, reliance on imported gas makes these countries highly susceptible to global price fluctuations, creating long-term economic instability.

    Call for a Sustainable Future

    The failure of Japanese trading houses and JERA to set clear policies and targets for transitioning away from gas puts them at odds with global decarbonisation trends. As major financial institutions and investors increasingly prioritize sustainability, these companies risk losing credibility and profitability.

    The report urges investors to demand stronger commitments to renewables and pressure these firms to align their business models with climate goals. Without immediate action, these trading houses will not only jeopardize their own financial future but also undermine Asia’s energy security and climate resilience.

    Japan’s major trading houses and JERA are at a crossroads, Market Forces says. Their current trajectory of expanding gas infrastructure poses a significant threat to climate goals, energy security, and economic stability in Asia. While they have the expertise and resources to lead the global transition to renewables, their continued focus on fossil fuels suggests a dangerous miscalculation of future energy trends.

    The sogo shoshas have played a crucial role in Japan’s industrial and economic development. However, Market Forces says that these corporations continued investment in liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and gas power plants contradicts global decarbonisation efforts.

    The environmental advocacy group warns that if these companies fail to pivot toward sustainable energy solutions, they risk financial instability and reputational damage in a world that is rapidly moving toward decarbonisation. The time for action is now, and investors, policymakers, and stakeholders must hold them accountable to ensure a sustainable energy future for Asia and beyond.

    Image: Market Forces

    Pakistan: Terrorists Attack Frontier Corps Fort: A Story of Rising Challenges

    OWSA Contributor
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    Pakistan: Terrorists Attack Frontier Corps Fort: A Story of Rising Challenges

    Despite the bleakness, there are calls for change. Civil society groups, activists, and some political leaders have urged the government to prioritise dialogue and development alongside counterterrorism efforts.

    In the predawn hours on Tuesday, a terrorist attack shook the Frontier Corps in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Bannu. Nestled at the foothills under the jurisdiction of the Cantonment Police Station, the fort became the epicentre of a grim battle.

    Armed with both heavy and small weapons, five terrorists launched a coordinated assault, determined to breach the fort’s defences. The ensuing confrontation claimed the life of one Frontier Corps (FC) soldier and left five others injured, while the attackers met a swift and decisive end at the hands of the security forces.

    The assault began with a barrage of gunfire aimed at the fort, triggering an immediate and robust response from the stationed forces. In the initial clash, three of the assailants were eliminated. The remaining two attackers sought temporary refuge beneath an excavator near the fort until one was neutralised on the spot. The final attacker, in a desperate act, fled a short distance before detonating himself.

    The dead and the injured were transported to a nearby hospital.

    A Historical Context of Conflict

    The resurgence of violence in north-western Pakistan evokes memories of the region’s tumultuous history, says Abubakar Siddique in his column for Radio Azadi. The area, a stronghold of the Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and Al-Qaeda, has long been a theatre of deadly counterterrorism operations and US drone strikes. Terrorists, in turn, have inflicted suffering on the local population.

    In his column, Abubakar Siddique recalls his conversation with Adil Dawar, a local activist, who recalls the airstrikes of 2007 in North Waziristan that claimed the lives of around 50 people, including his uncle and cousin. “That was the darkest era of terrorism,” he said. Yet, Dawar laments that the current situation is no better. “Today, the situation is as bad as the previous era of terrorism,” he remarked, reflecting the sentiments of many who feel trapped in a seemingly endless cycle of violence.

    Siddique says that the resurgence of the TTP has brought a sharp uptick in violence. In 2024 alone, militant attacks in Pakistan increased by 70 per cent compared to the previous year, according to the Pak Institute of Peace Studies (PIPS). The Centre for Research and Security Studies (CRSS) reported 685 fatalities among security personnel in 2024, marking the deadliest year for Pakistan’s forces in nearly a decade. The TTP’s activities, alongside those of the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) in Balochistan, have plunged Pakistan into deeper insecurity.

    Besides, the Taliban’s takeover of Afghanistan in 2021 has also been a key factor in the terrorists’ resurgence. Weapons and military gear left behind by the US military have allegedly found their way into the hands of the TTP and Baloch militants, enhancing their fighting capabilities. This dynamic underscores the interconnected nature of regional instability and its far-reaching consequences.

    A Crossroads for Pakistan

    For ordinary Pakistanis, the consequences of this protracted conflict are devastating. Thousands of civilians have been killed, and millions displaced during military offensives aimed at uprooting militants. The Pashtun and Baloch ethnic minorities have borne the brunt of the violence and displacement, fuelling grievances that insurgent groups have exploited.

    “People have lost their lives and properties both because of the militants and the security forces,” the Radio Azadi says quoting Attiqullah Dawar, a local lawyer and a former TTP captive. Dawar’s harrowing experience of being held for eight months and only released after his family paid a $40,000 ransom exemplifies the human toll of the ongoing conflict. Activists like Idress Mehsud, who advocate for the rights of marginalised communities, face constant threats and even persecution, often finding themselves labelled as threats to national security.

    Pakistan’s reliance on military force to combat militancy has yielded mixed results. While the military claims to have killed a record number of militants in 2024, critics argue that this approach has failed to address the root causes of the conflict.

    Observers like Afrasiab Khattak, a former lawmaker, highlight the need for a more inclusive approach. “The security state controls the entire state system,” he told Radio Azadi. “And the [army] is not listening.” A lack of dialogue and the marginalisation of ethnic minorities have only deepened mistrust and alienation, leaving communities feeling abandoned by the State.

    Despite the bleakness, there are calls for change. Civil society groups, activists, and some political leaders have urged the government to prioritise dialogue and development alongside counterterrorism efforts. Addressing the grievances of the Pashtun and Baloch communities, investing in education and infrastructure, and fostering economic opportunities could help undermine support for militancy, they say.

    India’s Digital Economy to Contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30, Says Report

    OWSA Staff
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    India’s Digital Economy to Contribute One-Fifth of National Income by 2029-30, Says Report

    India’s digital economy is a key driver of both economic growth and employment, with an increasing role in empowering women in the workforce and creating new opportunities across various sectors.

    By Santosh Kumar and Sarla Meena

    India’s digital economy is expected to grow almost twice as fast as the overall economy, contributing to nearly one-fifth of national income by 2029-30, according to the State of India’s Digital Economy Report 2024. This, say the report’s authors, means that in less than six-years, the share of digital economy will become larger than that of country’s agriculture or the manufacturing sectors.

    The report says that India is the third largest digitalised country in the world in terms of economy-wide digitalization, and twelfth among the G20 countries in the level of digitalisation of individual users.

    In the short run, the highest growth is likely to come from the growth of digital intermediaries and platforms, the report says. This will be followed by higher digital diffusion and digitalisation of the rest of the economy and will eventually lower the share of digitally enabling ICT industries in the digital economy.

    India’s digital economy has emerged as a significant contributor to its economic growth, accounting for 11.74 per cent of the GDP (INR 31.64 lakh crore or USD 402 billion) in 2022-23. Employing 14.67 million workers (2.55 per cent of the workforce), the digital economy is nearly five times more productive than the rest of the economy.

    The report says that digitally enabling industries such as ICT services and manufacturing of electronic components, computers, and communication equipment, which form the core, contributed 7.83 per cent of GVA (Gross Value Added), while digital platforms and intermediaries added another 2 per cent of GVA. Furthermore, digitalisation in traditional sectors like Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI), retail, and education added 2 per cent of GVA, showcasing the pervasive impact of digital transformation.

    Digitalisation of Traditional Sectors

    Projections made by the report writers indicate the digital economy’s share will grow to 20 per cent of GVA by 2029-30, outpacing agriculture and manufacturing. Key growth drivers include the rapid adoption of AI, cloud services, and the rise of global capability centres (GCCs), with India hosting 55 per cent of the world’s GCCs. GCCs are offshore centres established by multinational corporations to provide a variety of services to their parent organisations, including research and development, IT support, and business process management.

    The primary survey and stakeholder discussions highlighted interesting facts about how different sectors are digitalising and their contribution to the revenue generated by firms. Not all aspects of businesses are digitalising uniformly. For example, retail sales are digitalising much more than wholesale sales. Firms are also investing in digital methods for customer acquisition and business development. Chatbots and AI applications are fairly commonplace, the report says. Further the report says:

    • In the BFSI sector, over 95 per cent of banking payment transactions are digital, but revenue-generating activities like loans and investments remain largely offline, with financial services less digitalised overall.
    • Retail is shifting to omni-channel models, with e-tailers adding physical stores, while AI chatbots and digital inventory tools enhance efficiency.
    • Education has begun adopting offline, online, and hybrid models, with most institutions favouring hybrid approaches
    • Hospitality and logistics are embracing AI, metaverse, and digital tools, with large firms fully digitalising operations, while smaller players lag behind.

    Way Forward

    By 2030, India’s digital economy is projected to contribute nearly one-fifth of the country’s overall economy, outpacing the growth of traditional sectors. Over the past decade, digital-enabling industries have grown at 17.3 per cent, significantly higher than the 11.8 per cent growth rate of the economy as a whole. Digital platforms, in particular, have expanded rapidly, with an anticipated growth rate of approximately 30 per cent in the coming years.

    In 2022-23, the digital economy accounted for 14.67 million workers, or 2.55 per cent of India’s workforce, with the majority of these jobs (58.07 per cent) in the digital-enabling industry. Though the workforce is predominantly male, digital platforms have contributed to increasing job opportunities for women, especially in sectors where mobility and safety concerns were previously barriers.

    India’s digital economy is a key driver of both economic growth and employment, with an increasing role in empowering women in the workforce and creating new opportunities across various sectors. The rapid expansion of digital platforms signals an ongoing transformation that is set to shape the future of work in India.

    Train Strike Brings Chaos, Disruption; Strands Thousands Across Bangladesh

    OWSA Contributor
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    Train Strike Brings Chaos, Disruption; Strands Thousands Across Bangladesh

    As the standoff continues, passengers, railway staff, and the government face mounting pressure to find a solution. For now, the tracks remain silent as all of Bangladesh waits for a resolution to bring its trains back on schedule.

    In an unprecedented nationwide strike, train drivers and their support staff in Bangladesh have halted operations, plunging the country’s railway system into chaos. Thousands of passengers, many unaware of the strike, have been left stranded at stations, grappling with uncertainty and frustration.

    At Kamalapur Railway Station in Dhaka, Shefa Begum, a factory worker, arrived with her husband and children at 9:00 am, hoping to travel to Gazipur’s Tongi. “We were unaware of the strike. And now, we have been waiting at the station,” she told The Daily Star at 10:30 AM.

    Nila Chowdhury, a housewife, shared a similar plight. Arriving at 9:45 AM to catch the Kishoreganj Express, she and her 11-year-old son were left stranded. “We heard about the strike on Facebook. We thought it wouldn’t be effective. But now we’re stuck,” she said. Although authorities arranged BRTC buses, Nila noted, “It didn’t match our destinations.”

    Like Shefa and Nila, thousands of passengers across the country are enduring hardships due to the sudden suspension of train services. At Chattogram Railway Station, passengers were seen queuing for refunds as no trains departed throughout the morning. Aman Ullah, the chief inspector at the station, confirmed the cancellations, while Sohidul Islam, Officer-in-Charge of the Chattogram Railway Police Station, stated that additional forces had been deployed to maintain order.

    Passengers Stranded

    In Gazipur, hundreds of passengers were caught off guard at Joydebpur, Tongi, and Sreepur stations. Hanif Ali, the station master at Joydebpur, reported that many passengers were left scrambling to find alternative transport. Mezbah Uddin, one such passenger, lamented, “I had no choice but to take an expensive road journey to reach Dhaka.”

    For garment worker Runa Begum, the strike disrupted her plans to attend urgent matters in Ishwardi, Pabna. Used to affordable train travel, she found herself at a loss. “I’ve never travelled by road before,” she said.

    Karimonnesa, traveling from Maona to Gafargaon in Mymensingh, faced skyrocketing fares as autorickshaw drivers charged Tk 200-300 — well above normal rates. “It’s frustrating,” she said, echoing the sentiment of countless others.

    Frustration, Violence

    Tensions reached a boiling point at Rajshahi Railway Station, where angry passengers vandalised the premises after learning of the strike. The protests, which began around 7:00 am, resulted in damaged furniture and heightened tensions. Army personnel were deployed to restore order. Station Manager Moen Uddin confirmed that refunds were issued to affected passengers, but the disruption left a mark of frustration and discontent.

    The strike has brought the country’s railway system to a standstill. In Sylhet, passengers faced similar challenges, with staff staging the strike over unresolved issues regarding pension benefits and gratuity allowances. In Khulna, station master Md Zakir Hossain reported that all trains — including those bound for Dhaka, Rajshahi, Benapole, and Nilphamari — were cancelled, leaving passengers stranded.

    Sanowar Hossain, a farmer from Pabna, shared his struggle to return home after a month’s work in Khulna. Unable to afford bus fares, he returned to the station, hoping for a resolution. Sadikur Islam, traveling from Jashore, faced similar difficulties finding affordable transport.

    The situation is dire across the northern and southern districts, where approximately 175 trains operate daily. Md Mamunul Islam, General Manager of BR’s Pakshey Division, confirmed that operations have been paralysed, affecting at least 65,000 passengers.

    Roots of Strike

    The strike stems from unresolved demands by the Bangladesh Railway Running Staff and Workers Employees Association. Chief among their concerns are post-retirement benefits, including pensions and gratuity linked to basic pay and running allowances. Despite prior negotiations, a meeting on Tuesday between railway authorities and union leaders ended without resolution.

    Acting union president Saidur Rahman expressed frustration after the meeting, stating, “No consensus could be reached.” He indicated that the strike would continue until their demands are met.

    Finance Adviser Salehuddin Ahmed highlighted the government’s financial constraints, noting that “reasonable demands” regarding overtime had already been addressed. However, he added, “If they say pensions, gratuities, and other allowances must be met immediately, it becomes challenging to balance our finances.”

    Outlook and Uncertainty

    The ministry of railways has advised passengers to seek refunds for cancelled trips. Station Master Md Anwar Hossain at Kamalapur confirmed that trains departing before midnight on Monday continued to their destinations, but no new departures were permitted. Despite the ministry’s assurances, passengers have criticised the lack of prior notification.

    Gias, a passenger at Chattogram Railway Station, expressed frustration: “The authorities could have informed us via text message. Now we’re stranded.”

    In Thakurgaon, Abu Tareq, Assistant Station Master, acknowledged that online ticket sales continued until the morning, further exacerbating passenger grievances. Farida Akhtar, who travelled 15 kilometres to the station only to find no trains, questioned the lack of communication: “Why weren’t online sales stopped if services were to be suspended?”

    The increased demand for buses has led to higher fares, compounding the passengers’ woes. At Khulna’s Sonadanga Bus Terminal, fares surged beyond the reach of many travellers. “I couldn’t afford the fare, so I returned to the station,” said Sanowar Hossain.

    The strike’s impact on Bangladesh Railway’s 350 daily passenger trains is severe, disrupting the lives of tens of thousands. With no resolution in sight, the indefinite nature of the work stoppage raises concerns about long-term economic and social consequences.

    Climate Hazards Disrupt Education for Millions in South Asia, UNICEF Report Reveals Stark Situation in India

    OWSA Staff
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    Climate Hazards Disrupt Education for Millions in South Asia, UNICEF Report Reveals Stark Situation in India

    The report reiterates that climate change is not a distant threat but a present reality that demands immediate action. Every effort must be made to protect the education of millions of children and ensure that learning continues even in the face of adversity.

    A new report by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has revealed that climate hazards disrupted the education of at least 128 million students in South Asia in 2024, with India facing the highest impact. Released on the International Day of Education, the report titled Learning Interrupted: Global Snapshot of Climate-Related School Disruptions in 2024 highlights the devastating toll of climate-induced disruptions on schooling worldwide.

    Globally, at least 242 million students from pre-primary to upper secondary education experienced school disruptions due to extreme weather events in 2024, with South Asia emerging as the most affected region. The report states that 54 million students in India alone were impacted, primarily due to severe heatwaves that led to widespread school closures and changes in academic schedules.

    This is the first such publication ever to have been produced by the international children’s organisation. It says that extreme temperatures and climate disasters not only damage schools but also ‘affect students’ concentration, memory, and mental and physical health’. So it is a double whammy for the schoolchildren who already struggle with their study on account of poverty and poor teaching at schools. The more vulnerable among them are also deprived of home tutoring by their parents because in most cases the elders are not literate enough to help their children.

    According to the UNICEF Children’s Climate Risk Index, children in this country find themselves among the most vulnerable and exposed to climate turmoil and environmental hazards anywhere in the world. When in normal conditions, children are deprived of an enabling educational environment, in crisis periods induced by adverse climate their studies become a more daunting proposition. Even some of the talented and promising students, the UNICEF observes, have to drop out on account of natural disasters.

    Heatwaves: The Primary Culprit

    Heatwaves were identified as the leading climate hazard affecting education, with a staggering 171 million children globally facing disruptions. April 2024 saw the highest level of impact, with 118 million students affected worldwide. India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, and the Philippines were among the hardest-hit countries.

    In South Asia, the heatwaves peaked during the summer months, with April witnessing a record-breaking number of school closures. India saw temperatures soar above 45 degrees Celsius in several states, making it unsafe for children to attend school. Schools in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, and Delhi were forced to shut down for weeks, severely disrupting the academic calendar. The extreme heat not only resulted in lost instructional hours but also posed health risks to children, with reports of heat-related illnesses among students.

    “Children are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate crises, including stronger and more frequent heatwaves, storms, droughts, and floods,” said UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell. “We must act urgently to build climate-resilient education systems to protect their future.”

    India’s Education System Faces Severe Challenges

    India’s vast student population suffered due to intense and prolonged heatwaves, which disrupted regular school operations, leading to shortened school hours, postponed academic sessions, and in some cases, the destruction of infrastructure. Many schools, especially in rural areas, lack the resources to cope with extreme heat, such as proper ventilation, cooling systems, and access to clean drinking water. This disproportionately affected marginalised communities, where children rely heavily on schools for meals and a safe learning environment.

    The Indian government, in collaboration with UNICEF, has initiated climate resilience programs such as the Comprehensive School Safety Programme (CSSP) across 12 states to mitigate the impact of such hazards. These programs focus on improving infrastructure, training teachers to handle emergencies, and incorporating climate awareness into the curriculum.

    Despite these efforts, millions of students faced interruptions in their education, posing long-term risks to their learning outcomes and overall well-being. The report indicates that in April 2024 alone, over 35 million students in Bangladesh and 54 million in India faced school disruptions.

    Regional Disparities in Climate-Related Disruptions

    While South Asia bore the brunt of the crisis, other regions were not spared. East Asia and the Pacific saw 50 million students affected, largely due to heatwaves and tropical cyclones. Latin America and the Caribbean faced a mix of heatwaves, floods, and storms, disrupting education for 30 million students. In Africa, droughts caused by El Niño conditions exacerbated the existing education crisis, with over 20 million children at risk of dropping out.

    The report also found that 74% of the affected students were in low- and lower-middle-income countries, highlighting the urgent need for targeted interventions to support vulnerable communities. In Africa, prolonged drought conditions in countries such as Zimbabwe and Kenya forced children to walk long distances in search of water, often missing school as a result. In other parts of the world, floods and tropical cyclones wreaked havoc, damaging school infrastructure and displacing thousands of families.

    UNICEF has called on governments, policymakers, and educational institutions to prioritise climate resilience in education planning. The organisation recommends:

    • Infrastructure Resilience: Investing in climate-proof school buildings and ensuring access to remote learning solutions during school closures.
    • Teacher Training: Equipping educators with the knowledge and tools to address climate change impacts in the classroom.
    • Policy Integration: Incorporating climate change education into national curricula to raise awareness and foster preparedness among students.

    In India, the National Curriculum Framework has already begun incorporating climate change elements, thanks to UNICEF’s advocacy efforts. Additionally, a national teacher training module focused on climate education is set to be finalised in March 2025.

    Long-Term Impact on Children

    The impact of climate disruptions on children’s education goes beyond missed classes. Studies have shown that interruptions in schooling can lead to higher dropout rates, lower academic performance, and increased child labour and early marriage rates, particularly among girls. In South Asia, many families struggling with climate-induced economic hardships often prioritise work over education, leading to long-term consequences for children’s futures.

    For adolescent girls, the risks are even greater. In regions where child marriage is prevalent, school closures provide an opportunity for families to marry off their daughters earlier than planned. The UNICEF report warns that climate-related disruptions are reversing years of progress in promoting girls’ education and gender equality.

    As climate hazards continue to pose a significant threat to education, UNICEF urges immediate action to safeguard children’s right to learn. The organisation warns that without comprehensive interventions, the frequency and intensity of climate-related disruptions will continue to rise, deepening the global learning crisis.

    “Education is one of the most frequently disrupted services due to climate-related events, yet it remains overlooked in policy discussions,” the report notes. “Investing in climate-resilient education systems is crucial for the future of millions of children.”

    With South Asia at the forefront of this crisis, India has an opportunity to lead by example in implementing sustainable and scalable solutions that ensure uninterrupted learning for its students despite the growing climate challenges. By investing in climate-resilient infrastructure, fostering public-private partnerships, and empowering local communities, India can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on education.

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