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    Annual Water Bird Census Begins Across Nepal’s Wetlands

    OWSA Contributor
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    Annual Water Bird Census Begins Across Nepal’s Wetlands

    By combining grassroots involvement with scientific expertise, the annual water bird census remains a cornerstone of Nepal’s conservation efforts, offering hope for the sustainable preservation of its wetlands and the diverse species they sustain.

    The much-anticipated annual water bird census has commenced across Nepal, starting Saturday, January 4, 2025. This nationwide initiative, which spans two weeks, is being conducted in lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands to gather critical data on the population, species diversity, and habitat conditions of water birds.

    Laxmi Prasad Poudel, a senior ornithologist and coordinator of the census for Wetlands International Nepal, emphasised that the survey has been a January tradition since its inception. “This census aims to collect vital data on both resident and migratory water birds, providing insights into their dependence on Nepal’s aquatic ecosystems,” Poudel explained.

    Winter Haven for Migratory Birds

    Each winter, Nepal becomes a sanctuary for thousands of migratory birds fleeing the harsh cold of the Arctic, Russia, China, and Mongolia. These birds seek the country’s hospitable climate and abundant food sources found in its wetlands and protected areas.

    Among the migratory species observed are geese, ducks, and cormorants, which thrive in Nepal’s waterways teeming with fish, insects, and other sustenance. The Nepalese Ornithological Union notes that the annual census offers a glimpse into the health of these ecosystems, underscoring their global significance as wintering grounds for avian species.

    Global Initiative Rooted in Local Participation

    The census is part of the Asian Water Bird Census (AWC), a program launched in 1987 by Wetlands International to monitor water birds across Asia, Europe, West Asia, the Neotropics, and the Caribbean. Nepal has been an active participant since the AWC’s inception, making this the country’s longest-running wildlife monitoring effort.

    Originally focused on a single Ramsar site and a few wetlands, Nepal’s census now covers a wide array of locations, including Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Chitwan, Bardiya, Shuklaphanta, Rara National Park, and other critical wetland regions like Beeshazar Tal, Ghoda Ghodi Tal, and Jagadishpur Reservoir. This year’s efforts aim to expand coverage to areas like Gokyo, Gosainkunda, Mai Pokhari, and Phoksundo lakes.

    “Citizen participation has been key to the success of this program,” Poudel said, encouraging birdwatchers visiting these regions to contribute their observations.

    By combining grassroots involvement with scientific expertise, the annual water bird census remains a cornerstone of Nepal’s conservation efforts, offering hope for the sustainable preservation of its wetlands and the diverse species they sustain.

    Highlights from 2024

    In 2024, the census covered 18 major wetlands and 84 smaller areas, enlisting 402 volunteers who recorded 63,900 water birds representing 79 species. Six of these surveyed wetlands are designated Ramsar sites, recognized for their international importance.

    The findings from this year’s census will be unveiled on February 2, 2025, to coincide with World Wetlands Day. A detailed report will follow during Wildlife Week, observed from April 13 to 19, 2025. These reports, along with comparative data from previous years, will help assess trends in water bird populations, distribution, and the overall health of Nepal’s wetlands.

    Protecting Nepal’s Wetlands

    Nepal’s wetlands play a crucial role in supporting biodiversity, acting as vital habitats for both migratory and resident water birds. However, these ecosystems face mounting challenges, including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. The annual census not only sheds light on bird populations but also highlights the urgency of preserving these fragile ecosystems.

    “This year’s efforts will focus on areas that have received limited attention in the past, such as Rara Lake and key wetland areas in the Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys,” Poudel said.

    As the census progresses, it continues to reinforce Nepal’s commitment to conserving its natural heritage. The data collected will guide future conservation strategies and strengthen the country’s role in the global effort to protect avian species and their habitats.

    New Report Highlights Critical Food System Trends and Challenges in Countdown to 2030

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    New Report Highlights Critical Food System Trends and Challenges in Countdown to 2030

    The report incorporates case studies from Ethiopia, Mexico, and the Netherlands to demonstrate the local relevance of food system dynamics. These examples highlight how targeted actions, informed by robust governance and a focus on resilience, can catalyze broader progress.

    A groundbreaking new study published on Tuesday in Nature Food offers a comprehensive analysis of global food system changes since 2000, revealing a complex mix of progress and setbacks. Titled “Governance and resilience as entry points for transforming food systems in the countdown to 2030,” the report underscores governance and resilience as pivotal leverage points for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the decade’s end.

    The study is the result of the Food Systems Countdown Initiative (FSCI), a collaboration involving Columbia University, Cornell University, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). It tracks 50 global food system indicators across five themes: diets, nutrition, and health; environment, natural resources, and production; livelihoods, poverty, and equity; resilience; and governance.

    Mixed Results Highlight Opportunities and Challenges

    Lawrence Haddad, Executive Director of GAIN, remarked, “This new report reveals a mix of encouraging advancements and concerning setbacks, underscoring the urgency of accelerating food systems transformation. Tradeoffs between goals like jobs, climate, nutrition, food security, and resilience are inevitable. But with stronger governance and better data, these tradeoffs can be mitigated and even flipped into synergies.”

    Among the 42 indicators analyzed over time, 20 showed improvement. Key successes include increased access to safe water and the rising availability of vegetables, essential for addressing global nutrition needs. Conservation of plant and animal genetic resources also saw notable progress, enhancing resilience against climate shocks and other disruptions.

    However, seven indicators revealed significant declines. These include heightened food price volatility, diminishing government accountability, and reduced civil society participation, which collectively threaten the stability and coherence of policies needed to address global crises. The report emphasizes that interconnectedness between indicators means changes in one area, such as governance or diet quality, often trigger ripple effects across the system.

    Evidence-Based Policymaking

    The report incorporates case studies from Ethiopia, Mexico, and the Netherlands to demonstrate the local relevance of food system dynamics. These examples highlight how targeted actions, informed by robust governance and a focus on resilience, can catalyse broader progress. Mario Herrero, Professor and Director of the Food Systems & Global Change Program at Cornell University, noted, “This report sheds light on the ways different areas of food systems are related and interact, which is critical in understanding how we can focus our efforts to maximize synergies, manage trade-offs, and avoid unintended consequences.”

    Governance and resilience are identified as pivotal entry points for accelerating food system transformation. Improvements in these areas could spark widespread positive changes across other indicators, amplifying global progress. Jessica Fanzo, Director of the Food for Humanity Initiative at Columbia Climate School, highlighted the urgency of comprehensive reform: “We are facing a syndemic of challenges: increasing diet-related diseases, continued undernutrition, and a changing climate. Combating these requires significant and rapid change. This study is so important because it shows the speed of change so far, to guide more action because we can only manage what we measure.”

    The report provides a clear roadmap for evidence-based policymaking. It urges a dual focus on accelerating areas of progress while addressing persistent gaps. “As we enter the final five years of the SDG process, we have to double down on areas of progress while addressing persistent gaps,” said José Rosero Moncayo, Chief Statistician at FAO. He also emphasized the importance of improving data quality and expanding the pool of indicators to better analyze food system components.

    Broader Implications for Agrifood Systems

    The report raises concerns about increasing food price volatility, weakening government accountability, and declining civil society participation. These issues threaten the resilience and equity of food systems globally, particularly in light of overlapping crises such as climate change, economic instability, and public health challenges.

    The term “food systems” in the report aligns with the United Nations Food Systems Summit framework but also considers broader agrifood systems. These encompass activities related to non-food agricultural products, such as forestry and biofuels, which significantly influence environmental and social outcomes. Many indicators cannot distinguish between food and non-food components, highlighting the interconnectedness of global food systems.

    As the countdown to 2030 continues, the FSCI emphasizes the need for coordinated, cross-sectoral approaches to transform food systems. By prioritizing governance and resilience, global efforts can maximize synergies, minimize trade-offs, and achieve sustainable and equitable outcomes.

    Lawrence Haddad concluded, “This report helps us understand how to accelerate progress toward the SDGs. It’s not just about tracking data; it’s about using that data to drive meaningful change.”

    Nature Goes to Court

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    Nature Goes to Court

    Nature is taking the stand as courtrooms worldwide become battlegrounds for Earth’s rights. The rise in climate litigation shows how the environment can take centre stage as a plaintiff, demanding justice and accountability, benefiting us all.

    By Kanni Wignaraja

    On 23 October 2024, India’s Supreme Court declared a pollution-free environment a fundamental right, underscoring the government’s duty to provide clean air and water. In April 2024, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against the Swiss State for inadequate climate action, affirming climate change as a human rights issue.

    Since 2017, climate change court cases have surged, particularly in the US, but increasingly worldwide. Cases tripled from 884 in 2017 to 2,540 in 2023, with about 17 percent now occurring in developing countries, including small island developing states. The legal landscape is evolving, with significant rulings in Asia and the Pacific driving change. This is an area where UNDP is providing crucial support.

    Early, Groundbreaking Work

    For an example of climate justice pioneering, we can turn to 2010 to India’s National Green Tribunal and the Philippines’ Writ of Kalikasan (Kalikasan means Nature in Filipino language). This unique legal instrument – whose design was supported by UNDP – enables citizens to protect environmental rights by filing swift, accessible court petitions addressing ecological damages affecting multiple regions.

    It allows immediate judicial intervention to safeguard balanced and healthy ecosystems. For example, it has been used to close dumpsites and illegal landfills, prompt the rehabilitation of Manila Bay, and order the listing of non-environmentally friendly plastic products.

    Similarly, courts in Pakistan have adopted a “climate justice” perspective, forming a climate change commission. A notable case involved seven-year-old Rabab Ali, who challenged plans to expand coal production in the Thar desert, focusing on intergenerational equity in climate actions. Pakistan was also one of the main proponents of the Loss and Damage concept, when it was first tabled.

    Emerging Trends in Climate Litigation

    Following the landmark Paris Agreement in 2015, activists and citizens worldwide are increasingly turning to courts for climate solutions, spurring innovative legal approaches and rethinking what climate justice means. Key trends include:

    Human rights-related to environmental assets and protections: Courts are recognizing the connection between climate change and human rights, boosting protections and accountability. Many courts now interpret constitutional rights to include environmental protections.

    Intergenerational equity: Cases by youth emphasize the unequal impact of climate change on future generations and how climate justice is one of the main advocacy issues for youth worldwide.

    Corporate accountability: Courts extending climate obligations to businesses.

    Innovative legal concepts: New principles like “water justice” and recognizing nature’s legal rights are gaining traction, for example trees as living beings.

    “Activists and citizens worldwide are increasingly turning to courts for climate solutions, spurring innovative legal approaches and rethinking what climate justice means.”

    Thanks to the leading role of the Pacific Island State of Vanuatu at the UN General Assembly, now the International Court of Justice is hearing a landmark case on climate justice – its largest case ever – to determine what countries and companies are obliged to do under international law to protect the climate and environment from human-caused greenhouse gas emissions; and to determine the legal consequences for governments, where their acts or lack of action have significantly harmed the climate and environment.

    The court’s advisory opinion can be expected to influence climate-related legal action and policy for decades to come.  These legal advances compel the public and private sectors to consider and define more ambitious climate goals, offering citizens and activists new paths to enforce accountability.

    What’s next for UNDP?

    For UNDP, this is not only an area that requires urgent action but also a natural point of thematic convergence that brings together two of our areas of expertise: climate action and governance. UNDP is actively supporting courts in tackling these novel cases.

    For example, our global strategy for environmental justice (2022) aims to increase accountability and protection of environmental rights for current and future generations, as well as promote environmental rule of law. The strategy is based on a three-pronged approach: establishing enabling legal frameworks: supporting people-centred, effective institutions; and increasing access to justice and legal empowerment.

    UNDP’s Nature Pledge has a key target of strengthening environmental justice frameworks in 50 countries. This is yielding concrete results. For example, in Thailand, UNDP partnered with the Judicial Training Institute for Climate Justice training, equipping judges with climate impact insights.

    By supporting innovative legal concepts, we help justice actors advocate for new legal principles like “water justice,” aiding courts in novel environmental cases. UNDP has also supported ASEAN countries with an Environmental Justice Needs Assessment.

    Through its Justice Futures CoLab, UNDP advances the right to a healthy environment and addresses injustices, supporting courts in climate justice efforts. Judicial systems are becoming key players in climate action, with the potential to address issues of climate migration, Indigenous rights, financing and extreme weather liabilities.

    Climate justice will also be a critical factor under the proposed loss and damage mechanism, where UNDP, with national and international partners, supports countries with taxonomy, valuation of natural assets, damage assessments and strengthen the capacities of the courts to hear and manage these cases. Social awareness and citizens’ participation on issues of climate justice is another line of engagement.

    As our climate and nature related “events” intensify, so will this trend towards seeking justice, legal and financial recourse. Ensure the systems and people involved are well prepared and discerning in this relatively new arena will serve everyone, including the environment as plaintiff in the midst of it all.

    Kanni Wignaraja is UN Assistant Secretary-General and UNDP Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific

    Source UNDP

    Amid Continuing Turmoil, Guterres Highlights ‘Hope Through Action’ for 2025

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    Amid Continuing Turmoil, Guterres Highlights ‘Hope Through Action’ for 2025

    The world continues to grapple with unprecedented challenges but there are reasons for cautious optimism in 2025 – on a long-awaited Gaza ceasefire, climate action, tackling inequality and harnessing AI for the public good, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres insisted.

    In his traditional New Year address to the General Assembly setting out his key priorities for the global organization, the UN chief acknowledged the “turmoil of our world” and conceded that “it is understandable to get overwhelmed”.

    Nonetheless, Guterres urged delegates to “never lose sight of progress and potential”, highlighting the ceasefire in Lebanon which is “largely holding” and the country’s recent election of a President, after a two-year stalemate.

    Away from the world’s battlefields, the UN chief underscored positive developments on climate action that reflect the commitment of the United Nations to combating global warming, as “the world now invests almost twice as much in clean energy as it does in fossil fuels…almost everywhere, solar and wind are now the cheapest sources of new electricity – and the fastest growing in history,” he said.

    And as a measure of how much socio-economic progress has been made in line with UN values, Guterres noted that “in much of the world, girls have achieved parity in education. On health matters, moreover, “more children are surviving today than ever before,” he insisted, before adding that HIV infections “continue to dramatically decline, along with malaria mortality rates”.

    He described the UN as “a force of construction” that is always strengthening how it works and delivers, proving the maxim that global problems need global solutions.

    Pandora’s Box

    But there can be no illusions that action or inaction has “unleashed a modern-day Pandora’s Box of ills,” he continued, highlighting protracted wars, inequality, the climate crisis and “out of control technology.”

    Conflicts are multiplying with the full spectrum of human rights under increasing attack.

    Guterres called for negotiators who are reportedly close to a deal on a Gaza ceasefire to finalise the deal. Throughout the whole Middle East “we must deny extremists a veto over a peaceful future,” he said.

    He announced he would be travelling to Lebanon later in the day, emboldened by the positive developments there in recent weeks that could see Israelis and Lebanese forge a new and lasting era of peace and security.

    He highlighted conflict in Ukraine, Sudan, the Sahel and Haiti.

    Tackling Inequality

    “Inequalities can be beaten,” he said boldy, starting with accelerating progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through multilateral reform on all fronts.

    He said the scourge of discrimination and hate speech was also fuelling inequality, demonstrating the need to strengthen “communities of belonging”: “This is even more crucial as guardrails around social media platforms are being dismantled, allowing disinformation and hate speech to run rampant.”

    Climate Crisis

    Referencing the infernos engulfing the canyons of Los Angeles, the UN chief said everyday people worldwide are suffering the deadly effects of a warming planet and extreme weather.

    But here too, there is a huge opportunity to reverse the damage and build on climate action such as renewable energy growth, a commitment to net zero and national plans to cut emissions.

    The UN is assisting nearly 100 developing countries with their climate action plans ahead of the pivotal COP30 in Brazil later this year and he promised a special stocktaking event to keep the 1.5℃ target within reach.

    Technology Race

    The Secretary-General said the technology revolution in 2025 also offers “unprecedented opportunities” but needs careful stewardship and a commitment to equal access for all.

    Rapid and decisive action must be taken across the UN to ensure a level playing field including the setting up of an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI – without delay.

    Secondly, governance of Artificial Intelligence must protect human rights while also promoting innovation. Third, developing countries must be supported so AI can be leveraged for sustainable development, he said.

    “Humanity’s hand must be firmly in control” of the tech revolution, he added, with every nation helping to shape AI to advance human progress, equality and dignity.

    Hope Remains

    In closing, he noted that the Pandora myth includes one often overlooked detail. After the box was opened unleashing its horrors, there was one thing left inside – hope.

    “We must never lose sight of hope,” Guterres said. “And we will work to lift the lid on that hope through action. To make it real, to help it spread – sticking to principles, speaking the truth, never giving up.”

    The Davos Disconnect

    Inter Press Service
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    The Davos Disconnect

    The 2025 Annual Meeting of The World Economic Forum will take place at Davos-Klosters from January 20-24. The meeting brings together government, business and civil society leaders to set the year’s agenda for how leaders can make the world a better place for all. It’s relevance as a global gathering sits within and beyond the official programme. The importance of dialogue — often happening in private conversations — reveals an ever important mission to convene leaders when ‘threats to world stability are multiplying‘.

    By Deodat Maharaj

    “It was the best of times; it was the worst of times.” Charles Dickens is more relevant today than ever.

    The wealthy and powerful are meeting again this year in glamorous Davos, at an invitation-only event. They arrive in chartered aircraft and private jets to speak about our warming climate, among other global concerns.

    The super-rich, politicians and celebrities gather for the World Economic Forum’s annual meeting later this month at a time when global inequity is at its highest. Last year saw a phenomenal growth of wealth in major economies with valuations of at least eight companies exceeding the trillion-dollar mark.

    On the other hand, those at the margins are barely scraping a living and preoccupied with where their next meal is coming from. Globally, 733 million people are facing hunger, and 2.33 billion are food insecure. The situation is most dire in the 44 Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

    Based on the data, it is getting worse for people living in the poorest and most vulnerable countries. According to Oxfam, the wealthiest 1 per cent own almost half of the world’s wealth, while the poorest own just 0.75 per cent. In addition to inequality, geopolitical tensions and external threats, including climate change are rising. At the same time, the global economic outlook remains subdued.

    Alarming Gap

    The 2025 theme for Davos, ‘Collaboration for the Intelligent Age,’ is particularly timely for wealthy countries as they reap rich dividends due to rapid technological advancements. Equally, the theme holds profound significance for people living in LDCs, where new and relevant technologies can permanently alter their development trajectory.

    However, only 36 per cent of their citizens have access to the internet, and digital infrastructure is weak. So, if we care about a more equal world, a necessary first step is to focus on the reality of those living on less than $1.90 a day.

    In terms of solutions, the Davos gathering should look at concrete and practical ways to help these countries with financing and technical expertise to reduce this alarming gap where poor people are not just left behind but are completely left out.

    Five Priorities

    The summit agenda outlines five priorities and their rationale – all pertinent for LDCs if the will, financing, and collaboration can be mustered.

    Reimagining growth: The World Economic Forum notes that the digital economy has the potential to account for up to 70 per cent of the new value generated globally in the next ten years.

    This potential and attendant economic benefits will reside overwhelmingly in the wealthiest countries. Nonetheless, the digital economy provides an outstanding opportunity for the poorest countries to leapfrog in their development gains.

    With support through technology transfer, financing, and capacity building in the LDCs, their development trajectory can change, creating new jobs and opportunities for their people.

    Industries in the intelligent age: This thematic focus is invariably on the world’s largest businesses and economies. However, there is much that big business can do to help grow a global economy where everyone benefits. Sharing best practices and investing in LDCs are prime examples of ways to promote a more equitable transition into the tech future.

    Business has an important role to play in enhancing the presence of these countries in global supply chains. They can also support small and medium enterprises by boosting their productive capacity at the domestic level. However, this has not happened thus far, and the time to change the focus is now.

    Investing in people: Globally, education systems are struggling to adapt to fast-changing technologies, with just 54 per cent of countries having digital skill standards. However, in the world’s poorest nations, 260 million people of primary and secondary school age did not attend school in 2020.

    As long as LDCs spend more on servicing their external debt than on education, this appalling inequality will not change. Using low-cost, high-impact technologies to build human capital in LDCs is fundamental. There is much the wealthiest countries can do in this critical area.

    Safeguarding the planet: Large pockets of the world’s poorest are starving due to climate-induced disasters and food insecurity. Climate financing action is vital for LDCs, which contribute less than 4 per cent of global emissions but bear some of the most severe impacts of climate change.

    Existing technologies, as well as new and emerging technologies that can help predict climate change and manage disasters, should be transferred to those who need it most. And of course, the developed world must meet its commitments on financing for climate action.

    Rebuilding trust: There is much talk about global collaboration and multilateralism – at a time of rising global inequality and increasing isolationism. Davos could do well to foster greater inclusivity and, in doing so, build this much-needed trust and hope.

    Those with great wealth and influence also have a great responsibility. Unless the World Economic Forum’s annual summit focuses on the more than one billion people living in the world’s poorest countries, it will remain an echo chamber for the privileged.

    A global future rooted in equity, shared prosperity, and collective resilience is not only possible but essential for us all. Davos 2025 must seize the opportunity to redefine itself as a true forum for global progress.

    Deodat Maharaj is Managing Director of the United Nations Technology Bank for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and can be reached at: [email protected]

    This piece has been sourced from Inter Press Service.

    Pakistan Eyes Expansion in Chinese Capital Markets and Hong Kong Listings

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    Pakistan Eyes Expansion in Chinese Capital Markets and Hong Kong Listings

    The Finance Minister also revealed plans for corporate stock listings in Hong Kong. He pointed to Service Long March, a Pakistani-Chinese joint venture producing tires for trucks and buses, as a candidate for an equity listing in Hong Kong.

    Pakistan is taking significant steps to deepen its financial and economic engagement with China, aiming to tap into the world’s second-largest capital market and expand corporate opportunities in Hong Kong. Federal Minister for Finance and Revenue, Senator Muhammad Aurangzeb, outlined the government’s strategy during an interview with Nikkei Asia on the sidelines of the Asian Financial Forum in Hong Kong.

    Aurangzeb confirmed plans to issue an inaugural panda bond by the end of the year, with an estimated value between $200 million and $250 million. However, the minister emphasized that the initiative’s significance lies not in its size but in its potential to establish a foothold in the Chinese yuan bond market. “What is important is that we do go for an inaugural issue and then, once it’s successful, we can always keep it on tap,” he said.

    The minister acknowledged that not utilizing China’s capital markets earlier was a missed opportunity. He expressed eagerness to correct this oversight in 2025, saying, “We are quite keen that during this calendar year, we do.”

    Broadening Financial Horizons

    Aurangzeb highlighted the importance of diversifying Pakistan’s funding sources and reducing reliance on traditional mechanisms, including International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs. To this end, he emphasized the value of reforms that could improve Pakistan’s credit rating and bolster investor confidence. “We are hopeful to reach the ‘B’ rating zone in due course by adhering to IMF’s terms,” he stated.

    The Finance Minister also revealed plans for corporate stock listings in Hong Kong. He pointed to Service Long March, a Pakistani-Chinese joint venture producing tires for trucks and buses, as a candidate for an equity listing in Hong Kong. “These joint ventures want to do equity [fund] raising, and in international markets, Hong Kong is a very, very obvious choice,” he explained, hinting at future opportunities for Pakistani companies to pursue both primary and secondary listings in the financial hub.

    Strengthening CPEC and Bilateral Ties

    The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a centerpiece of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, remains central to Pakistan’s economic agenda. Aurangzeb reaffirmed the government’s commitment to this flagship project, dismissing concerns that IMF conditions might hinder new tax incentives or economic zones tied to CPEC. “It’s not really as big a deal as it’s being made out to be,” he said, emphasizing the need to prioritize the implementation of existing projects.

    The minister also addressed safety concerns for foreign nationals, particularly Chinese citizens working in Pakistan. He assured that the government is prioritizing security at the highest levels and highlighted that the situation on the ground is much better than portrayed in media outlets.

    Economic Recovery; Challenges Ahead

    Aurangzeb pointed to encouraging economic indicators, including a sharp decline in inflation from 38 per cent in May 2023 to 3 per cent in January 2025, a boost in foreign exchange reserves, and a record-breaking performance by the local stock market. “All of this has moved us in the right direction, including the biggest story for us, which is inflation,” he said.

    Despite these gains, the minister acknowledged the need for structural reforms in taxation, the energy sector, state-owned enterprises, and public finance. Pakistan’s tax-to-GDP ratio, for instance, remains at 10.8 per cent, well below the target of 13.5 per cent. The government also plans to relaunch efforts to privatize the loss-making national carrier, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), after a failed attempt last year.

    Aurangzeb stressed the importance of building an export-led growth model and attracting more foreign direct investment. These steps, he said, are crucial to breaking the cycle of economic booms and busts. “It is critical that we stay away from boom and bust cycles,” he emphasized. “We are now in the 25th IMF program, and we want to ensure that this is the last program.”

    The minister’s roadmap envisions Pakistan establishing a stronger presence in international capital markets while leveraging its strategic partnership with China. With the inaugural panda bond and Hong Kong equity listings on the horizon, Pakistan’s economic future may be set for a transformative phase. The success of these initiatives will likely hinge on the country’s ability to implement reforms and attract sustained foreign investment, paving the way for long-term stability and growth.

    Bangladesh: Anti Corruption Body Proposes Comprehensive Overhaul

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    Bangladesh: Anti Corruption Body Proposes Comprehensive Overhaul

    The report has generated cautious optimism among anti-corruption advocates. The inclusion of diverse voices, a clear timeline, and a focus on institutional integrity are seen as strengths of the proposed framework. Nonetheless, sceptics question whether entrenched political and bureaucratic interests will allow these reforms to take root.

    The Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) Reform Commission today submitted a landmark report to Chief Adviser Professor Muhammad Yunus, outlining 47 recommendations aimed at transforming the ACC into a robust, independent, and effective entity. A key proposal calls for elevating the ACC from a statutory body to a constitutional institution, granting it greater autonomy and accountability.

    Iftekharuzzaman, head of the ACC Reform Commission, presented the report during a ceremony at the Chief Adviser’s office at 11:30 AM. “The ACC, as it stands, lacks the structural and operational independence required to tackle corruption effectively,” he remarked. “By recognizing the ACC as a constitutional entity, we can ensure its independence while maintaining necessary checks and balances.”

    Recommendations for Comprehensive Reform

    The report categorizes the 47 recommendations into short-term, medium-term, and long-term measures. These include:

    1. Expansion of the Commission: Increasing the number of members from three to five, with a mandatory inclusion of female representatives and professionals with judicial and financial expertise.
    2. Amendments to Article 20 of the Constitution: Introducing provisions that explicitly prevent the abuse of power and enforce a constitutional oath against corruption.
    3. National Anti-Corruption Strategy: Formulating a comprehensive policy to establish clear responsibilities and capacities across state and non-state sectors for combating corruption.
    4. Establishment of an Ombudsman Office: In accordance with Article 77 of the Constitution, the office would monitor and evaluate the implementation of anti-corruption strategies.
    5. Abolishment of Black Money Whitening Practices: Ending the practice of legalizing illicit earnings, which has long undermined public trust in governance.

    “These reforms aim to create an enabling environment where the state and society work together to combat corruption,” Iftekharuzzaman stated.

    The commission’s recommendations stem from extensive research and public engagement initiatives. Stakeholder consultations, surveys, and public forums were conducted to ensure the report reflects societal expectations. “We made every effort to align our recommendations with the aspirations of the people,” Iftekharuzzaman said.

    The ACC Reform Commission was one of several bodies established in October last year to propose reforms across critical state institutions, including the electoral system, police, judiciary, and public administration.

    Challenges Facing the ACC

    The ACC’s journey since its formation in 2004 has been fraught with challenges. Initially hailed as a significant step towards curbing corruption, its effectiveness waned due to governmental control and bureaucratic hurdles. The 2013 amendment to the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, requiring government approval to investigate politicians or bureaucrats, has been particularly criticized for stifling the ACC’s independence.

    Instances of perceived inefficacy have further tarnished the ACC’s reputation. For example, during the Padma Bridge corruption scandal, despite international pressure from the World Bank, the ACC failed to hold any individuals accountable. More recently, cases such as the bribery scandal involving Deputy Inspector General Mizanur Rahman highlighted systemic weaknesses within the institution.

    The report outlines a phased implementation plan:

    • Short-term measures (6 months): Initiatives like drafting the national anti-corruption strategy and establishing an ombudsman office.
    • Medium-term measures (18 months): Structural changes, including the expansion of commission members and constitutional amendments.
    • Long-term measures (48 months): Institutionalizing reforms to embed anti-corruption mechanisms within governance frameworks.

    Iftekharuzzaman emphasized the importance of political will and societal support in realizing these reforms. “An institution like the ACC cannot single-handedly eradicate corruption,” he said. “The state, civil society, and citizens must collectively uphold anti-corruption principles.”

    Global Commitments and Future Prospects

    The ACC’s restructuring aligns with Bangladesh’s commitment to international anti-corruption norms. Since its accession to the United Nations Convention Against Corruption in 2007, the country has pledged to strengthen its anti-corruption infrastructure. However, delivering on these promises remains a challenge.

    Observers view the reform commission’s recommendations as a pivotal opportunity to rebuild public trust and address longstanding grievances. Political analyst Dr. Anika Rahman remarked, “If implemented effectively, these reforms could redefine governance in Bangladesh. However, overcoming entrenched political interests will be key.”

    The report has generated cautious optimism among anti-corruption advocates. The inclusion of diverse voices, a clear timeline, and a focus on institutional integrity are seen as strengths of the proposed framework. Nonetheless, sceptics question whether entrenched political and bureaucratic interests will allow these reforms to take root.

    Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus lauded the commission’s efforts, stating, “This report is a testament to our collective resolve to address corruption. Its recommendations provide a clear pathway to making the ACC a cornerstone of integrity in Bangladesh.”

    As the government deliberates on the report, the nation awaits concrete actions that will determine whether this ambitious reform agenda will transform the ACC into a beacon of accountability or remain an unrealized aspiration.

    Image: Hippopx

    India Meteorological Department Celebrates 150 Years of Excellence

    OWSA Staff
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    India Meteorological Department Celebrates 150 Years of Excellence

    The India Meteorological Department’s innovations have empowered farmers and communities by providing localized weather information in multiple languages through platforms like the Meghdoot app. As a result, over 50 per cent of farmers now use weather-based advisories compared to just 10 per cent a decade ago.

    The India Meteorological Department (IMD), under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, proudly commemorates 150 years of dedicated service to the nation. Established in 1875, IMD has played a pivotal role in advancing meteorology, seismology, and related sciences, contributing significantly to disaster management, agriculture, aviation, and public safety. This milestone marks a testament to IMD’s enduring legacy in safeguarding lives, fostering economic development, and driving scientific progress.

    The 150th Foundation Day of IMD was celebrated with grandeur on January 14, 2025, at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Prime Minister Narendra Modi graced the occasion, highlighting IMD’s remarkable journey and contributions over the years. During the event, the Prime Minister launched ‘Mission Mausam,’ a transformative initiative to make India a ‘Weather-ready and Climate-smart’ nation through state-of-the-art weather surveillance technologies, next-generation radars, satellites, and advanced computing systems.

    The celebration also witnessed the unveiling of a commemorative postage stamp and coin to honor IMD’s legacy. Additionally, the IMD Vision-2047 document was released, outlining the roadmap for enhancing weather resilience and climate adaptation as India approaches its 100th year of independence. Workshops and activities showcased IMD’s contributions to making India climate-resilient, emphasizing its role in providing critical weather and climate services.

    The establishment of IMD in 1875 was a response to a series of catastrophic events, including the 1864 Calcutta cyclone and monsoon failures in 1866 and 1871. These disasters underscored the need for centralized meteorological services in the Indian subcontinent.

    Since its inception, IMD has unified meteorological efforts, advancing the field as a modern physical science. Over the decades, the department has adopted cutting-edge technologies to enhance weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster preparedness. Today, IMD is a cornerstone of India’s socio-economic development and a beacon of resilience and sustainability.

    Pioneering Observations

    IMD has consistently embraced innovation, replacing all mercury barometers with digital ones by 2023 in line with the UNEP Minamata Convention. The department has enhanced agro-meteorological services with 200 Automated Weather Stations (AWS) and sustained 25 GPS-based PB stations. These advancements ensure more precise weather data and support sectors like agriculture and disaster management.

    IMD launched a crowdsourcing web interface in January 2021 and the “Public Observation” mobile app on January 14, 2022. These platforms enable users to report real-time weather feedback and associated impacts, fostering community engagement in weather observation. Public participation has significantly enriched IMD’s data repository.

    IMD has achieved a 40 per cent improvement in overall forecast accuracy since 2014. Its Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) network expanded from 15 in 2014 to 39 in 2023, covering 35 per cent more land area. Accurate cyclone predictions, such as for Phailin (2013), Hudhud (2014), Fani (2019), Amphan (2020), and Biparjoy (2023), have reduced fatalities and economic losses. Notably, cyclone-related deaths have plummeted to zero from 2020 to 2024.

    IMD’s adoption of the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model and Electric Weather Research and Forecasting (EWRF) model has revolutionized rainfall and lightning forecasts. The “Mausamgram” interactive meteogram, launched in 2024, provides location-specific weather forecasts, enhancing public access to critical data.

    IMD has been a trailblazer in developing indigenous technologies, collaborating with ISRO since 1983 for satellite products and launching Doppler Weather Radars since 2010. Initiatives like the Common Alerting Protocol (2019) and Dynamic Composite Risk Atlas (2022) underscore IMD’s commitment to “Make in India.”

    Empowering Communities

    In his speech at the Foundation Day event, Prime Minister Modi emphasized IMD’s role in shaping India’s scientific and technological progress. He commended the department’s success in minimizing the impact of natural disasters through timely warnings and forecasts. The Prime Minister also highlighted the ‘Mission Mausam’ initiative, which aligns with India’s commitment to sustainability and climate resilience.

    IMD’s innovations have empowered farmers and communities by providing localized weather information in multiple languages through platforms like the Meghdoot app. As a result, over 50 per cent of farmers now use weather-based advisories compared to just 10 per cent a decade ago. Enhanced early warning systems have also safeguarded coastal communities, particularly fishermen, from adverse weather conditions.

    IMD’s Flash Flood Guidance system serves neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, exemplifying India’s commitment to regional cooperation. The department’s advancements in meteorology and disaster management have bolstered India’s global image as a reliable and compassionate partner.

    As IMD celebrates its sesquicentennial anniversary, its journey symbolises India’s scientific prowess and resilience. From pioneering meteorological research to adopting advanced technologies, IMD continues to adapt and innovate to address modern challenges. With a vision for a ‘climate-smart’ nation, IMD stands poised to lead India toward a sustainable and weather-resilient future.

    Pakistan: Senate Committee Reviews Progress on Implementation of Anti-Rape Act

    OWSA Contributor
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    Pakistan: Senate Committee Reviews Progress on Implementation of Anti-Rape Act

    Key recommendations included extending the scope of the National Sex Offender’s Register to include offenders convicted abroad, enhancing monitoring and restrictions on released offenders, and implementing risk assessment tools to prevent recidivism.

    Pakistan’s Senate-appointed Anti-Rape Special Committee held a critical review of the implementation of the Anti-Rape (Investigation and Trial) Act, 2021, during a session at the Ministry of Law and Justice. The meeting, chaired by Senator Ayesha Raza Farooq, brought together members of the Special Committee, along with representatives from PEMRA, NADRA, the National Police Bureau (NPB), provincial Home Departments, and other key stakeholders.

    The session focused on three core areas: the establishment of the National Sex Offender’s Register (SOR), the performance of specialized support structures for survivors of sexual violence, and policy measures to enhance the Act’s implementation.

    The National Police Bureau provided an update on the SOR, marking the installation of necessary hardware at the Gender Crime Cell at NPB as a major milestone. The Bureau revealed that data for 94 per cent of eligible cases recorded between January 1 and November 30, 2024, had been collected but awaited integration into the SOR due to pending software updates. NADRA committed to expediting technical support to ensure timely completion.

    The Ministry of Law and Justice presented notable progress in the establishment and utilization of Anti-Rape Crisis Cells (ARCCs). Punjab and Islamabad showed significant improvement, with increased referrals of sexual violence cases to ARCCs, resulting in enhanced survivor support services. Provincial Home Departments pledged to address existing gaps and strengthen coordination between law enforcement and ARCCs to improve service delivery.

    Much Work Remains

    Policy recommendations were also discussed, with Ms. Zainab Mustafa, Community Protection Advisor at UPSCALE and committee member, presenting data-driven proposals for bolstering Pakistan’s legal framework to combat sexual violence. Key recommendations included extending the scope of the SOR to include offenders convicted abroad, enhancing monitoring and restrictions on released offenders, and implementing risk assessment tools to prevent recidivism.

    Participants expressed appreciation for these evidence-based proposals, agreeing to review them further in the next consultation session.

    Chairperson Senator Ayesha Raza Farooq concluded the meeting by commending the progress made and urging sustained efforts to address remaining challenges. “While we acknowledge the advancements, much work remains to ensure a robust response to sexual violence. The protection of vulnerable members of our society must remain our collective priority,” she stated.

    The session underscored the commitment of all stakeholders to strengthening Pakistan’s response to sexual violence through improved legislation, better survivor support systems, and robust offender management mechanisms. The ongoing implementation of the Anti-Rape Act, 2021, remains a crucial step toward creating a safer and more just society.

    Image: Hippopx

    A Jack of All Fruits

    OWSA Contributor
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    A Jack of All Fruits

    With FAO’s support to maximise the jackfruit’s potential, local farmers and entrepreneurs are proving that it can open doors to better livelihoods. Local markets are now brimming with a variety of jackfruit products, from snacks to desserts.

    Khadiga Khanom never used to give much thought to jackfruit. In her home district of Gazipur, about 50 kilometres north of the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka, Khadiga had certainly seen plenty of jackfruit trees in her life. They are hard to miss, as oblong, spiky green fruits, which can easily each weigh several kilos.

    She had even cooked jackfruit in her curries along with an array of other ingredients. But she never imagined that one day it would become one of the main sources of her family’s livelihood.

    It all came about after the 37-year-old homemaker took part in a series of workshops and trainings where she learned how to process a whole range of products that can be made from the jackfruit.

    With this training provided by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), she soon decided to take a leap of faith and start her own business. Today, she produces an array of jackfruit-based goods, including pickles, jam, burgers, cakes, pizzas and even plant-based leather.

    Processing about 100 kilograms of jackfruit daily, with five employees in a specially equipped room in her home, she’s able to earn an income of about USD 400 a month. She proudly shares that the money is “helping me support my family, and I’m even saving up to expand the business. I never thought jackfruit would change my life like this.”

    The learnings were part of the FAO One Country One Priority Product (OCOP) initiative which helps countries identify the products that have the most market potential and provides support in maximising it.

    The Best Quality

    For Bangladesh, the world’s second-largest producer of jackfruit, this was a natural choice. Jackfruit is also the country’s national fruit and symbolizes abundance. Yet much of the potential of this fruit remained untapped.

    Outdated subsistence farming methods and post-harvest losses due to poor storage have led to many jackfruit rotting before reaching markets.

    For Ramij Uddin, a farmer in Sreepur Upazila in central Bangladesh, jackfruit has always been part of his life. But like many Bangladeshi farmers, who relied on traditional farming techniques, his yields were often inconsistent and low-quality.

    It was in 2023 that Ramij participated in FAO’s training session and learned modern production techniques, including the proper use of manure, fertilizers and pest control. Thereafter, his results were impressive. By the next harvest season, his jackfruit trees produced 30 percent more fruit. The size, shape and colour of the jackfruits had also improved significantly, allowing him to sell them at more than double the previous year’s price.

    “I never imagined I could earn this much from jackfruit,” he says. “Now, I feel proud when I take my produce to the market because I know it’s the best quality. This training has completely changed how I farm.”

    Opening Doors to Better Livelihoods

    With modern production techniques, post-harvest handling and processing methods, Ramij and other farmers are seeing the results of the OCOP initiative. It’s not just about growing more jackfruit — it’s about growing better-quality jackfruit, which in turn means higher incomes and improved livelihoods.

    Since Bangladesh joined the OCOP initiative in 2022, the FAO trainings have benefited not just farmers but all those involved in the process of jackfruit production. The focus has been on the “green” development of the jackfruit value chain, integrating climate smart and environmentally friendly practices, emphasizing innovation in production, storage, processing and marketing.

    There’s still some way to go. For Bangladeshi jackfruit to enjoy increased market access, its production will require more modernisation, like vacuum packaging, and adherence to international standards.

    But already, with FAO’s support to maximise the jackfruit’s potential, local farmers and entrepreneurs are proving that it can open doors to better livelihoods. Local markets are now brimming with a variety of jackfruit products, from snacks to desserts, which not only cater to local tastes but also attract interest from broader international markets.

    Image: FAO

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    Bangladesh

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