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    Yesterday’s Garbage Dumps in Prayagraj are Lush Forests Today

    Around 56,000 sq. meters of dense forests have been created in Prayagraj in the last two years using the Miyawaki technique. The area was a garbage dump. It has been transformed into a lush green forests, aiding environmental conservation.

    In an ambitious initiative to enhance environmental conservation and prepare for the grand Mahakumbh 2025, Prayagraj has turned approximately 56,000 square meters of barren and polluted land into dense forests. Employing the Japanese Miyawaki technique, the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has established lush green oxygen banks across the city, significantly improving air quality and biodiversity.

    The Commissioner of the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation, Chandra Mohan Garg, highlighted the success of the project, stating that dense forests have been created at over 10 locations in the city over the past two years. “The largest plantation, encompassing around 1.2 lakh trees from 63 species, has been established in the Naini industrial area. Additionally, 27,000 trees from 27 species were planted in Baswar, reclaiming the city’s largest garbage dumping yard,” he said. This transformation has not only addressed issues of industrial waste but has also helped reduce dust, dirt, and foul odours, making the environment cleaner and healthier.

    The Miyawaki forests bring numerous benefits, including reducing air and water pollution, preventing soil erosion, and fostering biodiversity. According to Dr. N.B. Singh, former Botany professor at Allahabad Central University, these dense forests grow rapidly and offer significant environmental advantages. “They can reduce the temperature difference between day and night during summers and lower overall temperatures by 4 to 7 degrees Celsius. Additionally, these forests improve soil fertility, create habitats for various species, and serve as crucial biodiversity hotspots,” Dr. Singh explained.

    Diverse Plantation for Sustainable Growth

    The project has incorporated a wide variety of tree species to ensure long-term ecological benefits. Key species include fruit-bearing trees like mango, tamarind, and amla, along with medicinal plants such as tulsi and brahmi. Ornamental species like gulmohar, hibiscus, and bougainvillea add aesthetic value, while sturdy trees like neem, teak, mahogany, and arjuna contribute to structural diversity. Other species planted include peepal, bamboo, kadamba, lemon, and drumstick (sahjan), ensuring a rich mix of native flora.

    The use of native species under the Miyawaki technique accelerates forest growth, with trees growing ten times faster than in conventional methods. This approach mimics natural forest ecosystems by planting saplings densely and allowing them to grow interdependently. The result is a self-sustaining forest that absorbs more carbon and supports a thriving ecosystem.

    Revitalising Urban Spaces

    One of the most remarkable achievements of the project is the transformation of Baswar’s garbage dumping yard into a green haven. The site, once notorious for its industrial waste and overpowering stench, is now home to thriving forests. This effort has also mitigated the environmental hazards associated with the dumping yard, improving air and soil quality while curbing pollution.

    The Miyawaki technique has proven to be a game-changer for urban areas like Prayagraj, where land is scarce, and pollution levels are high. By converting degraded lands into green spaces, the city has taken a significant step towards achieving environmental sustainability and ecological balance.

    Understanding the Miyawaki Technique

    Pioneered by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s, this technique involves planting a mix of native trees and shrubs close to one another. The dense plantation accelerates growth, with trees maturing 10 times faster than traditional methods. The technique also improves soil quality and biodiversity, making it ideal for urban afforestation projects.

    The Miyawaki method has been used worldwide to restore degraded ecosystems, combat industrial pollution, and create green belts in urban areas. By fostering rapid growth, these forests become self-sustaining within a few years, offering long-term ecological benefits. In Prayagraj, this innovative approach has not only addressed the pressing issue of pollution but also set a precedent for urban afforestation projects in other cities.

    Towards a Greener Mahakumbh 2025

    As the city prepares to host millions of devotees for Mahakumbh 2025, the development of these dense forests ensures cleaner air and a healthier environment. The project aligns with the broader goals of environmental restoration and urban sustainability, making Prayagraj a model for ecological innovation.

    By transforming garbage dumps into green sanctuaries, Prayagraj has shown how urban spaces can embrace nature to tackle pressing environmental challenges. The Miyawaki forests stand as a testament to the city’s commitment to a greener and more sustainable future.

    In Landmark Dubai Meeting, India Pledges Support for Afghan Refugees

    For Afghanistan, India’s support represents a vital lifeline as it navigates complex domestic and regional challenges. The agreement to promote trade, enhance humanitarian aid, and address shared security concerns lays the groundwork for a more cooperative relationship.

    In a significant diplomatic development, India has pledged to provide “material support” for the rehabilitation of returning Afghan refugees. The announcement came during a high-level meeting in Dubai on Wednesday, marking the first formal engagement between India and the Taliban-led interim government since the latter’s return to power in August 2021.

    Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri met with Afghanistan’s acting Foreign Minister Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi to discuss bilateral ties, humanitarian aid, and regional cooperation. The meeting underscores India’s renewed commitment to addressing Afghanistan’s pressing challenges amidst ongoing geopolitical complexities.

    Randhir Jaiswal, spokesperson of the Indian ministry of external affairs tweeted:

    Foreign Secy @VikramMisri met Acting Foreign Minister of Afghanistan Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi in Dubai today. Both sides discussed India’s ongoing humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan, bilateral issues and security situation in the region. India reiterated its commitment to continue to provide humanitarian & development assistance to the Afghan people. Agreed to promote trade and commerce, including through Chabahar port. India will also extend its support to the health sector and rehabilitation of refugees in the country.

    Addressing Refugee Rehabilitation

    A key outcome of the meeting was India’s decision to extend assistance for the rehabilitation of Afghan refugees. Since late 2023, approximately one million refugees have been repatriated to Afghanistan from Pakistan and Iran. To support this effort, the Taliban-led administration has started distributing land to returning families. India’s material aid will prioritise the health sector and broader rehabilitation initiatives.

    The Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated: “In response to the request from the Afghan side, India will provide further material support in the first instance to the health sector and for the rehabilitation of refugees.”

    India’s ongoing humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan has been extensive. Over the past few years, New Delhi has dispatched 50,000 metric tons of wheat, 300 tons of medicines, 27 tons of earthquake relief aid, 40,000 litres of pesticides, 100 million polio vaccine doses, 1.5 million doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, 11,000 hygiene kits for drug de-addiction programs, 500 winter clothing units, and 1.2 tons of stationery kits.

    At the Dubai meeting, the two sides reviewed these efforts and discussed expanding India’s role in Afghanistan’s development. The Indian government signalled its willingness to engage in infrastructure and development projects in the near future.

    Chabahar Port: A Gateway for Regional Trade

    Another critical topic of discussion was the promotion of trade through Chabahar Port, located in southern Iran. Developed by India, the port serves as a strategic supply route for goods destined for Afghanistan, bypassing traditional trade routes that pass through Pakistan. Both sides agreed to enhance the use of Chabahar for commercial activities and humanitarian aid delivery.

    India’s Foreign Secretary highlighted the port’s importance, stating, “Chabahar Port is a critical asset for strengthening trade ties and ensuring uninterrupted supply chains to Afghanistan.” Afghan officials also acknowledged India’s concerns over regional security and assured full cooperation.

    Cultural and Sporting Ties

    Beyond aid and trade, the meeting touched upon the cultural and sporting ties between the two nations. Cricket, a beloved sport in both countries, emerged as a potential avenue for deepening people-to-people connections. Discussions included plans to enhance sporting collaborations, particularly in cricket, which has gained immense popularity among Afghanistan’s youth.

    Addressing Regional Security

    Security concerns also featured prominently in the talks. The Afghan delegation reiterated its commitment to addressing India’s regional security sensitivities. The meeting occurred days after India condemned Pakistani airstrikes in Afghanistan’s Paktika province, which killed 46 civilians, including women and children. India’s Foreign Ministry strongly criticised the attacks, calling them a continuation of Islamabad’s “old practice” of blaming neighbours for internal failures.

    A Historic Relationship Rekindled

    Foreign Secretary Misri emphasised India’s historic friendship with Afghanistan and its cultural and civilizational ties. He noted, “India remains committed to supporting the Afghan people during these challenging times. Our shared history and strong people-to-people connections underscore the importance of our bilateral relationship.”

    This meeting follows an earlier engagement in November 2024, when an Indian delegation visited Kabul to meet Afghanistan’s acting Defense Minister, Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob. These interactions highlight a cautious yet significant recalibration of India’s approach to engaging with the Taliban-led government.

    India’s renewed commitment to Afghanistan’s stability and development comes at a crucial time for the war-torn nation. As international recognition of the Taliban-led administration remains limited, India’s engagement signals its readiness to address humanitarian needs while safeguarding its strategic interests.

    For Afghanistan, India’s support represents a vital lifeline as it navigates complex domestic and regional challenges. The agreement to promote trade, enhance humanitarian aid, and address shared security concerns lays the groundwork for a more cooperative relationship.

    Dubai — where India and Pakistan settle scores on the cricket field and India and Afghanistan settle ties off it. Dubai is now the venue for both, boundaries and diplomacy!

    First Person: Gaza, Where Starving People are Trapped in a Land Reduced to Rubble

    Driving to Gaza City in our armoured vehicle, along the militarised Netzarim corridor dividing the enclave’s north and south, we saw dead bodies scattered to the left and right, decomposing in the sun.

    By Jonathan Dumont

    “I need food, man,” Abdul Rahmen told me. We were in the southwestern Gazan city of Khan Younis, where men ladled out steaming rice into bowls thrust out by a desperate crowd. One boy was crying, afraid the food, supplied by the World Food Programme (WFP), would run out before his turn.

    “I was ambitious. I had dreams,” Rahmen said, describing expectations as shattered as the buildings around us. “But I need food. I can’t buy bread”.

    I had arrived in Gaza the day before, making a 10-hour journey from Amman on a bus packed with humanitarian workers. Some of that time was spent waiting at Israel’s Kerem Shalom border crossing into the strip – one of the few available avenues to deliver life-saving humanitarian aid. The 10-day visit, in early December 2024, was my first since before the war broke out nearly 15 months ago.

    A massive backlog of urgently needed supplies – including boxes of medicine, food and other aid – awaited clearance there, and for the few available trucks and authorised drivers able to navigate destroyed roads, desperate crowds and armed gangs to deliver them.

    The size of the US city of Detroit, Gaza today is a mountain of rubble. I’ve gone to many conflict zones this past year – gang-ravaged Haiti, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan’s war-torn capital Khartoum – but Gaza is on a different scale. On one side, waves stroke a Mediterranean beachfront, an illusion of serenity. On the other lies endless destruction, black smoke rising from smouldering buildings.

    There’s another difference from many war zones: there’s no way for Gazans to escape the conflict. They are trapped.

    ‘People are hungry and angry’

    Hunger is skyrocketing. More than 90 per cent of the population faces “crisis” or worse levels of food insecurity, according to the latest expert findings. More than 300,000 people are likely experiencing catastrophic hunger – the highest level of food insecurity.

    The WFP food allowed to enter the strip can only meet one-third of what we need to reach the hungriest people. Over the months, we’ve been forced to cut rations, and then cut again. In December, we planned to reach 1.1 million people with just 10 days’ worth of food, which includes canned goods, tomato paste, oil and wheat flour.

    Besieged North Gaza is the hungriest place. Over the past two months, barely any supplies have been allowed to trickle in.

    ‘Bread is the most important food for people nowadays, because it’s so cheap,’ baker Ghattas Hakoura told me at a WFP-supported commercial bakery in Gaza City, in the northern part of the strip. Men and women were picking up loaves of pita, costing three shekels, or less than US$1 per packet, in separate, tightly controlled lines.

    ‘People are hungry and they’re angry,’ Hakoura added. ‘They’ve lost their homes, their jobs, their families. There is no meat, no vegetables – and if we do have vegetables, they are very expensive’.

    A 25-kg bag of wheat flour can sell for US$150. In an enclave where farmers once harvested citrus, vegetables and strawberries, I saw small peppers selling at a Gaza City market for US$195 a kilo. Nobody was buying. Nobody could afford them.

    Ibrahim al-Balawi, cradling his small daughter, told me she’d never drunk a glass of milk in her life. She’d known nothing but war.

    That’s a worry for so many parents in Gaza, a place where you hear the sound of drones and explosions 24/7, coming from the air, land and sea.

    ‘I want my kids’ future to be similar to any other kid living in any Arab country,’ Hind Hassouna, a mother of four, told me in Khan Younis, after our food distribution there. ‘To live a decent life, wear decent clothes, eat decent food and have a good life. The most important thing is to be free from fear – just like any kid in any Arab country’.

    Dead bodies decomposing in the sun

    Hassouna’s children walk 1.5 km each way to fetch water. As she spoke in her tent home – which could easily be toppled by wind or flooded by winter rains – they spooned up their small portions of WFP rice. It was possibly their only meal of the day. One little boy slowly cleaned his plate of every last grain, a small smile on his face.

    Children are experiencing the worst of the war. As we drove to the food distribution at Khan Younis, I spotted a dead horse amid the rubble. Nearby, a little girl picked through the trash, looking for food.

    Later, driving to Gaza City in our armoured vehicle, along the militarised Netzarim corridor dividing the enclave’s north and south, we saw dead bodies scattered to the left and right, decomposing in the sun. A few hundred metres later, a small group of women and children headed in that direction, carrying their belongings. They looked hot and tired.

    How will such experiences affect Gaza’s children when they grow up? What will happen to their generation?

    Amid the devastation, Gazans are embracing any semblance of life they can create. In Khan Younis, Abu Bilal dug out his destroyed home and used the rubble to rebuild the walls. Cement slabs from what had been a multistorey apartment building formed a tenuous lean-to. He showed me around his place, complete with a basic toilet and makeshift plastic sink.

    ‘Dangerous’, he said of his shelter, which could easily collapse during a storm or airstrike.

    In what had been a densely populated neighbourhood, Nabil Azab also showed me around the remains of his home. A former taxi driver, he pointed out the twisted carcass of the vehicle that once earned him his livelihood. Like many Gazan families, his has been displaced multiple times, moving from one tent settlement to another.

    When an airstrike hit his tent in the southern city of Rafah – injuring him and other family members – that was enough. They, too, cleared out the debris from their partially destroyed home in Khan Younis and moved back in. Their four-storey building, among the few still standing in the area, leans precariously atop a sandy ridge. In the ground below, the family grows lettuce and other greens to help survive. But it’s not enough.

    ‘I look at my little daughter as she cries asking for food and I feel helpless,’ Azab told me. ‘There’s nothing that I can do for her. Nothing at all.’”

    By Jonathan Dumont is head of Television Communications with the World Food Programme’s

    NITI’s Women Entrepreneurship Platform and New Shop Launch ‘EmpowHER Biz’

    Under its Award to Reward initiative, WEP collaborates with over 30 public and private sector partners to develop scalable programs that empower women. EmpowHER Biz marks its largest Award to Reward initiative, reflecting WEP’s commitment to fostering impactful collaborations.

    In a significant move to promote women entrepreneurship, the Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) of NITI Aayog has partnered with New Shop, India’s largest 24/7 convenience retail chain, to launch EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan. This initiative aims to equip aspiring women entrepreneurs with essential skills and resources to excel in the organised retail sector.

    The programme, launched under WEP’s Award to Reward (ATR) initiative, focuses on addressing critical barriers faced by women in business. These include access to financing, credible networks, mentorship, and comprehensive training. Through EmpowHER Biz, WEP and New Shop aim to create a robust ecosystem that fosters women-led businesses and accelerates growth in the retail sector.

    A Comprehensive Empowerment Program

    EmpowHER Biz offers a tailored mentorship and training program, covering areas such as retail management, digital tools, financial literacy, and business development. It will identify and train 50 women participants aged 18–35, selected through an online application process. These participants will come from Delhi NCR, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.

    The top 20 candidates will receive a full waiver on New Shop franchise fees, significantly lowering the entry barrier for women to own and operate retail businesses. This model empowers women to build sustainable businesses while benefiting from the extensive support provided by the New Shop franchising ecosystem.

    Bridging the Gender Gap in Retail

    Speaking about the initiative, Ms. Anna Roy, Principal Economic Adviser, NITI Aayog, and Mission Director of WEP, emphasised the importance of overcoming societal and systemic challenges faced by women entrepreneurs.

    “EmpowHER Biz is our largest Award to Reward (ATR) collaboration to date. Aspiring women entrepreneurs often face multiple challenges, including societal biases and limited access to financing and mentorship. Through this partnership with New Shop, we aim to help women overcome these obstacles and build a strong foundation for their entrepreneurial journey,” Ms. Roy stated.

    Echoing this sentiment, Aastha Almast, Co-founder of New Shop, highlighted the company’s commitment to empowering entrepreneurs. “New Shop is committed to empowering young and first-time entrepreneurs in the retail sector. Through this collaboration with WEP, we aim to democratise retail ownership and create a lasting impact on the entrepreneurial journeys of these women,” she said.

    Scaling Impact: WEP and New Shop’s Vision

    Since its inception in 2018, WEP has been instrumental in promoting women entrepreneurship by acting as an aggregator platform. Transitioning to a public-private partnership in 2022, WEP provides a continuum of support across key areas such as access to finance, market linkages, training, mentoring, compliance assistance, and business development.

    Under its Award to Reward initiative, WEP collaborates with over 30 public and private sector partners to develop scalable programs that empower women. EmpowHER Biz marks its largest ATR initiative, reflecting WEP’s commitment to fostering impactful collaborations.

    New Shop, which operates over 200 convenience retail stores across 35 cities in 18 states, is equally ambitious. The company aims to empower 10,000 entrepreneurs by 2030 through its expanding franchising model. With a presence in high-density neighbourhoods, highways, gas stations, and plans to expand to transit hubs such as airports and railway stations, New Shop’s ecosystem offers a solid platform for budding entrepreneurs.

    Empowering the Future

    EmpowHER Biz represents a transformative opportunity for women entrepreneurs in retail. By providing training, mentorship, and financial support, the initiative bridges gaps that have traditionally hindered women’s participation in organised retail.

    As India moves towards a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem, collaborations like EmpowHER Biz highlight the potential of public-private partnerships in driving sustainable and inclusive economic growth. Empowering women to own and operate businesses is not just a step forward for gender equality but also a boost to India’s growing retail sector.

    This initiative marks a promising step toward democratising retail ownership and creating a future where women entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in shaping the industry.

    Female Mosquito Targeted With Venom to Curb Disease

    Scientists have developed a genetic biocontrol method to reduce the lifespan of the female Aedes aegypti mosquito that spread disease by engineering male insects to transfer venom to females when mating, in turn, reducing the female mosquito’s lifespan.

    By Dann Okoth

    A genetic biocontrol method which reduces the lifespan of female insects could work as fast as pesticides to reduce populations of disease-spreading mosquitoes and destructive crop pests, according to researchers.

    Insect pests pose a huge threat to global health and agriculture, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of infections, and costing billions in healthcare and crop damage each year.

    Biocontrol is increasingly seen as a viable alternative to pesticides, which can harm non-target species and ecosystems and are losing efficacy as resistance to them grows.

    A new approach called Toxic Male Technique (TMT), developed by researchers at the ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology at Macquarie University, Australia, involves genetically engineering male insects to reduce the lifespan of the females they mate with.

    Researchers say it can be used to respond rapidly to outbreaks of agricultural pests as well as to fight mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and Zika.

    “We hold that our technology has the potential of working as fast as pesticides without the attendant risks of harming other species and the environment,” says Samuel Beach a researcher in applied biosciences at Macquarie University and lead author of the study, published on Tuesday in the journal Nature Communications.

    According to Beach, the approach is more efficient than existing methods such as the Sterile Insect Technique or the release of insects carrying lethal genes, which work by releasing masses of sterilised or genetically modified males to mate with wild females.

    With these techniques, the mated females produce no offspring or only male offspring, but they continue to blood-feed and spread disease until they die naturally — meaning populations of biting females only decrease when the next generation emerges.

    “TMT is cheaper because you need fewer males to get much faster reduction in insect population or spread of diseases,” Beach explains.

    Venom proteins

    The new technique works by genetically engineering male insects to produce insect-specific venom proteins in their semen. When these males mate with females, the proteins are transferred, significantly reducing the females’ lifespan and their ability to spread disease.

    The researchers found that mating females with the genetically engineered males reduced their lifespan by 60 per cent.

    “Ideally, we’re looking at 100 per cent reduction in lifespan—that’s the females die as soon as they mate with the male,” Beach told SciDev.Net. “But that’s what we want to achieve long term, that’s going to take some time.”

    Even the 60 per cent reduction could go a long way towards reducing the impact of mosquito-borne diseases, he adds.

    Diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever are spread by the females of the Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae species of mosquito.

    Beach explains that when female mosquito blood feeds, contracting the virus from a host, she is not infectious for a couple of days. For a period of five to ten days, she cannot spread the disease to another person.

    “That means we don’t need to achieve 100 per cent mortality, we just need to reduce her lifespan within this period of time where she can’t spread that disease to a second person, which we estimate to be about 60 to 80 per cent reduction in lifespan,” says Beach.

    The technology could work even better for farmers, according to the researchers, since crop pests have longer lifespans than mosquitos—up to a year or two, compared to three to four weeks.

    “Because the generational term is so long, if we can kill the female sooner that’s going to have a much bigger benefit for agricultural pests,” adds Beach.

    Operational costs

    Tonny Owalla, a researcher at Med Biotech Laboratories Kampala, Uganda, who was not involved in the study, believes engineering male mosquitoes to reduce the population of female malaria carriers could be a useful approach.

    However, he cautions that the costs of deploying it may make the technology impractical for routine use in malaria endemic countries.

    “Take for instance, how many male mosquitoes one would deploy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is the leading malaria endemic country in Africa, how many rounds of release per year, infrastructure, source of mosquito supply…” says Owalla.

    Beach says the technology must go through rigorous safety tests before being adopted, while regulatory frameworks to guide its use and infrastructure to breed mosquitoes are also needed.

    “In a few a few years, though, we are certain our technology will provide millions of people across the world with a sustainable solution for disease and crop pest control,” he adds.

    This piece has been sourced from SciDev.Net

    Dhaka’s Mass Transport Crisis Drives Surge in Personalized and Non-Motorized Transport

    Dhaka’s transport crisis reflects a complex interplay of population growth, policy neglect, and unplanned urban development. The shift towards NMTs and personalised transport is both a symptom and a contributor to the city’s worsening mobility challenges.

    A recent survey paints a grim picture of Dhaka’s transportation system, revealing a drastic shift from public buses to personalised and non-motorised transport (NMT). The findings highlight growing commuter dissatisfaction, unplanned urbanization, and a lack of implementation of crucial transport strategies. These issues threaten to exacerbate congestion, pollution, and inefficiencies in one of the world’s most densely populated cities.

    According to data from the Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA), the number of daily commuter trips in Dhaka has surged by 38 per cent over the last nine years, reaching over 38 million in 2023 from 27.7 million in 2014. This increase in mobility reflects the capital’s growing population and economic activity but also underscores a troubling transition away from public buses, traditionally the backbone of urban transport.

    The share of buses in total trips has plummeted, dropping from 28.5 per cent in 2009 to just 21 per cent in 2014, and further down to 8.9 per cent in 2023. In contrast, NMT, including walking, rickshaws, and bicycles, now dominate the transport landscape. Walking alone has seen a remarkable increase, accounting for 36 per cent of total trips in 2023, up from 31 per cent in 2014 and 19 per cent in 2009. The survey found 14.33 million walking trips daily in 2023, a significant rise from 11.68 million in 2014.

    Boom in Personalised and Non-Motorised Transport

    Experts attribute the decline of buses to their deteriorating quality and reliability. This vacuum has been filled by smaller, often unregulated modes of transport such as motorcycles, three-wheelers, and rickshaws. Motorcycle usage has surged, with its share rising from 3.4 per cent in 2014 to 9.5 per cent in 2023 in Dhaka Metropolitan Area. Similarly, three-wheelers have grown from 5.1 per cent to 11.5 per cent during the same period.

    The resurgence of rickshaw trips is particularly noteworthy. While their share dropped from 38.7 per cent in 2009 to 22 per cent in 2014, it rebounded to 30 per cent in 2023. Project director for the Updated Revised Strategic Transport Plan (URSTP), Mohammad Rabiul Alam, warns that if current trends persist, rickshaws could account for 30 per cent of all trips by 2045, with NMTs making up 28 per cent.

    Unfulfilled Promises, Policy Failures

    The decline of public buses is symptomatic of broader governance and policy failures. Multiple strategic plans, including the Strategic Transport Plan (STP) of 2005 and the Revised Strategic Transport Plan (RSTP), proposed measures like bus-route rationalisation, franchise systems, and the introduction of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). However, these recommendations have largely remained unimplemented.

    Similarly, efforts to regulate NMTs have fallen short. Despite recommendations to establish NMT-free routes and withdraw paddle-driven rickshaws, rickshaws have proliferated, including battery-operated variants. Urban planners have also failed to create adequate walking facilities or discourage the use of personal vehicles, further compounding the transport crisis.

    Consequences of Neglect

    Transport expert Professor Mohammad Shamsul Hoque of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) likens Dhaka’s transport system to a dying patient in the ICU. “The city’s per-kilometer per-hour speed has been declining continuously, reflecting the worsening traffic conditions,” he said.

    The unchecked growth of smaller vehicles and the reliance on outdated buses contribute to severe air and noise pollution. Furthermore, a lack of public amenities, such as roadside urinals for drivers, creates additional challenges for urban residents. The rise of NMTs and personalised vehicles may offer short-term relief but risks further entrenching congestion and inefficiency.

    Looking Ahead

    Despite these challenges, there is still hope for a turnaround. The URSTP, supported by the Asian Development Bank, is expected to present its final draft recommendations soon. The study, which collected data from 52,000 households and interviewed 250,000 people in October 2023, aims to propose actionable solutions for Dhaka’s transport woes.

    Experts emphasize the need for a holistic approach. Immediate priorities include improving pedestrian infrastructure, implementing bus-route rationalisation, and promoting sustainable modes of transport like bicycles. In the medium to long term, investments in modern public transport systems such as metro rail and BRT must be complemented by policies to regulate land use and curb the growth of private vehicles.

    Professor Hoque stressed the importance of integrating policy with project-based interventions. “Focusing solely on high-cost projects like metro rail without addressing foundational issues will not revive the city’s transport lifeline,” he said.

    Dhaka’s transport crisis reflects a complex interplay of population growth, policy neglect, and unplanned urban development. The shift towards NMTs and personalised transport is both a symptom and a contributor to the city’s worsening mobility challenges. Without decisive action to revamp public transport and address structural inefficiencies, the situation is poised to deteriorate further, jeopardising the city’s economic and environmental sustainability.

    India: GDP Growth Slows to 6.4 per cent in 2024-25 Compared to Provisional Estimates Says NSO

    The Gross Value Added, which provides a sector-wise breakdown, mirrors the GDP trend, growing at 6.4 per cent in real terms compared to 7.2 per cent in 2023-24. The nominal GVA is expected to rise by 9.3 per cent, reaching ₹292.64 lakh crore in 2024-25.

    In its First Advance Estimates for the financial year 2024-25, the National Statistics Office (NSO) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), has projected India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth at 6.4 per cent in real terms. This marks a slowdown from the 8.2 per cent growth recorded in 2023-24. The data, released on Monday, also highlights key sectoral performances and expenditure trends that shape the economic outlook for the year.

    The real GDP, measured at constant 2011-12 prices, is estimated to reach ₹184.88 lakh crore in 2024-25, up from ₹173.82 lakh crore in 2023-24. Despite the reduced pace, nominal GDP, which factors in current price levels, is projected to grow by 9.7 per cent to touch ₹324.11 lakh crore. This figure is slightly higher than the 9.6 per cent growth recorded in the previous year, says a press release from the PIB.

    The Gross Value Added (GVA), which provides a sector-wise breakdown, mirrors the GDP trend, growing at 6.4 per cent in real terms compared to 7.2 per cent in 2023-24. The nominal GVA is expected to rise by 9.3 per cent, reaching ₹292.64 lakh crore in 2024-25.

    Sectoral Highlights

    Agriculture and allied sectors, a vital component of India’s economy, are forecasted to grow at 3.8 per cent in real terms, significantly improving from the modest 1.4 per cent growth seen in 2023-24. This improvement reflects favourable weather conditions and strong horticultural and livestock performance.

    The construction sector is anticipated to grow robustly at 8.6 per cent, buoyed by increased infrastructure investment and demand for housing. Similarly, the “Financial, Real Estate & Professional Services” sector is expected to expand by 7.3 per cent, driven by a recovering real estate market and robust financial activities.

    Expenditure Trends

    Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE), a key driver of domestic demand, is projected to grow by 7.3 per cent in 2024-25, a sharp increase from the 4.0 per cent growth recorded in 2023-24. This reflects improved consumer confidence and rising disposable incomes.

    Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE) is estimated to grow by 4.1 per cent, rebounding from 2.5 per cent in the previous year. This uptick suggests an emphasis on public spending to support economic activity amid slowing growth.

    The estimates reveal positive contributions across sectors:

    • Industry: Aided by stable production metrics and strong construction growth, the industrial sector continues to anchor economic performance.
    • Services: With a growth forecast of 7.3 per cent, the services sector remains a cornerstone, particularly in financial services and real estate.
    • Agriculture: The rebound in agriculture underscores the sector’s resilience and its role in supporting rural incomes and employment.

    Methodology and Data Sources

    The NSO’s First Advance Estimates are compiled using the benchmark-indicator method, which extrapolates data from the previous financial year with updated sectoral indicators. The estimates incorporate diverse inputs such as:

    • Industrial production metrics from the Index of Industrial Production (IIP).
    • Quarterly financial results of listed companies.
    • Agricultural output estimates from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare.
    • Data on key infrastructure inputs like coal, crude petroleum, and natural gas production.
    • Transport metrics, including railways, civil aviation, and port cargo traffic.
    • Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections and fiscal data from government accounts.

    Tax Revenues and Subsidies

    The estimates integrate budgetary projections for 2024-25 along with real-time fiscal data. Tax revenue calculations include both GST and non-GST components, while subsidies account for expenditures on food, petroleum, and fertilizers. These factors contribute to the overall assessment of government consumption and fiscal health.

    Implications for Economic Planning

    The slowdown in GDP growth highlights the need for targeted policy interventions to sustain momentum. While sectors like construction and financial services show resilience, the moderation in overall growth reflects global economic headwinds, subdued export performance, and inflationary pressures.

    Improved agricultural growth offers some solace, indicating the potential for rural recovery. Meanwhile, robust private consumption suggests that domestic demand remains a critical growth lever.

    The NSO cautioned that the First Advance Estimates are subject to revision as more data becomes available. Improved data coverage and updated inputs could lead to adjustments in subsequent estimates. The Second Advance Estimates for 2024-25, along with quarterly GDP figures for October-December 2024, are scheduled for release on February 28, 2025.

    India’s economy remains on a growth trajectory, albeit at a slower pace than the previous year. With a projected real GDP growth of 6.4 per cent in 2024-25, the focus will likely shift to sustaining recovery and addressing structural challenges. The emphasis on private consumption, public expenditure, and infrastructure development will play a crucial role in shaping the country’s economic path in the coming year.

    Bangladesh: Steep Fall in CSR Spending by Banking Biggies

    Stakeholders emphasise that Islamic banks’ commitment to aligning financial activities with ethical and social objectives is crucial in navigating current challenges and continuing efforts to reduce poverty and enhance social welfare.

    Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) spending by Islamic Banks in Bangladesh has experienced a substantial decline, raising concerns over the banks’ ability to sustain their critical social impact initiatives. According to the latest Bangladesh Bank (BB) report, CSR expenditure during the July-September 2024 quarter fell to Tk0.58 billion, marking a sharp 27.5 per cent drop from Tk0.80 billion in the preceding April-June quarter. The same period in 2023 recorded a similar amount as the April-June 2024 figure, further highlighting the severity of the current downturn.

    The January-March 2024 quarter saw CSR spending at a higher Tk0.85 billion, showcasing a consistent downward trend throughout the year. This significant reduction has sparked concerns among stakeholders, as Islamic banks have traditionally played a vital role in addressing social challenges through initiatives funded by Shariah-compliant sources such as Zakat, penalties on defaulting clients, and other permissible earnings. These funds are typically allocated to critical sectors like education, healthcare, training, and charitable activities, with a focus on underserved and impoverished communities.

    Islamic banks’ CSR programmes are designed to prioritise human necessities and productivity-focused projects, aiming to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development. The recent cutbacks in spending could hinder the banks’ ability to maintain these impactful initiatives, especially at a time when disadvantaged communities’ needs remain acute.

    Stakeholders have expressed concerns over the potential long-term implications of this decline, urging banks to strengthen their CSR frameworks and ensure adequate resource allocation. They emphasise that Islamic banks’ commitment to aligning financial activities with ethical and social objectives is crucial in navigating current challenges and continuing efforts to reduce poverty and enhance social work and social welfare.

    Decline in CSR Activities Threatens Social Impact

    The Islamic banking sector in Bangladesh accounts for more than 25 per cent of the total deposit share and 28 per cent of the investment share in the country’s entire banking system, according to the BB report. Despite this significant presence, the sector has also faced a contraction in total deposits. By the end of September 2024, deposits had declined by Tk86.42 billion, or 1.94 per cent, to Tk4.36 trillion compared to the end of June 2024.

    Among the total deposits, the 10 full-fledged Islamic banks held a dominant share of Tk3.90 trillion (89.48 per cent), while Islamic banking windows of conventional banks contributed Tk253.25 billion (5.80 per cent), and Islamic banking branches of conventional banks accounted for Tk205.82 billion (4.71 per cent). The sector’s total investment (loans and advances) stood at Tk4.68 trillion at the end of June 2024, with 93.26 per cent of this amount managed by the 10 full-fledged Islamic banks.

    Call to Action from the Central Bank

    As of September 2024, the Islamic banking system in Bangladesh consisted of 10 full-fledged banks operating with 1,686 branches across the country’s total 11,300 banking branches. Additionally, 33 Islamic banking branches of 16 conventional commercial banks and 750 Islamic banking windows of 19 conventional commercial banks are providing Shariah-compliant financial services.

    In light of the declining CSR expenditure, Bangladesh Bank has directed Islamic banks to enhance their CSR activities to support socio-economic development. The central bank has urged these institutions to focus on areas such as health, education, disaster management, rehabilitation, and poverty eradication. These initiatives are seen as essential not only for serving humanity but also for reinforcing the ethical and social principles that underpin Islamic banking. The recent decline in CSR spending comes at a time when the demand for social support remains high, particularly among vulnerable populations.

    The Islamic Banks’ ability to balance financial stability with their ethical and social responsibilities will be critical in maintaining their role as key drivers of socio-economic development in Bangladesh. Moving forward, robust CSR frameworks and renewed commitments to impactful initiatives will be essential in ensuring that the sector continues to address pressing societal challenges effectively.

    Afghanistan: Doctors Flee, Leaving Afghans Scrambling for Treatment

    Despite the challenges, some organisations continue to operate in Afghanistan, striving to fill the gaps left by fleeing professionals. However, without significant international support and a reversal of restrictive Taliban policies, the health-care system’s recovery seems unlikely, says a report by Radio Liberty.

    Afghanistan’s health-care system is on the brink of collapse as thousands of medical professionals flee the country, leaving millions without adequate medical care, says a report by Radio Liberty. Since the Taliban’s return to power in 2021, the departure of doctors, nurses, and specialists has created a critical void in the nation’s health infrastructure, exacerbating an already dire humanitarian crisis.

    Dr. Abdullah Ahmadi, an orthopedic surgeon and former head of Kabul’s Wazir Akbar Khan Hospital, is among those who left Afghanistan. Now residing in Finland, Ahmadi recalls the oppressive conditions that drove him away. “The conditions for me were suffocating,” he said. “I was threatened and humiliated by unqualified and uneducated Taliban members who were placed in key positions in the Public Health Ministry and state-run hospitals.”

    According to the Radio Liberty report, the exodus is fuelled by poor working conditions, low salaries, harassment, and the Taliban’s oppressive policies, including the controversial ban on teenage girls’ education. For Dr. Safa Hassani, a psychiatrist now in Germany, the Taliban’s decision to restrict education for girls was the tipping point. “I sacrificed my job and profession so my daughters can study,” said Hassani, who, like many Afghan doctors abroad, struggles to obtain a license to practice in Europe.

    A Health-Care Vacuum

    The departure of medical professionals has left the Afghan health-care system reeling. Sonia Cautain, a French aid worker who oversaw operations at the French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children in Kabul until 2023, described the exodus as a devastating blow. “Afghanistan has lost a lot of its best doctors,” she said. “Many left for the sake of their careers and families because they didn’t know what to expect from the Taliban.”

    Cautain noted that the loss has created a “big vacuum” in the health-care system, with dire consequences for ordinary Afghans. Abdul Ahad, a resident of Kabul, experienced this firsthand when he needed surgery for kidney stones. Unable to find a qualified doctor in Afghanistan, he travelled to neighbouring Pakistan for treatment, spending over $1,000 — a fortune for many Afghans. “Some of the [Afghan] doctors told me that the stones were in my kidney while others said it was stuck in my ureters,” he said, highlighting the lack of expertise now prevalent in Afghanistan.

    The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that Afghanistan has only 10 health workers for every 10,000 people, far below the universal health coverage threshold of 44 per 10,000. Nearly 18 million people, almost half the population, require health assistance, with 9.5 million having little or no access to basic health services.

    The situation is particularly grim for women. Earlier this month, the Taliban banned midwife and nurse training, further jeopardizing maternal and child health. “We are likely to see more deaths because of preventable diseases,” said Dr. Kayarash, an Afghan physician who now lives in the Czech Republic. He noted that the shortage of female doctors has forced patients to endure longer waits for specialist care, a delay that could be fatal in many cases.

    The Cost of Survival

    In Afghanistan’s remote regions, the lack of medical professionals has turned health care into a life-or-death gamble. Waris Shah, a resident of the remote district of Barmal in Paktika Province, said patients often travel hundreds of kilometers to Kabul for treatment. “Patients are frequently dying while on their way to see a doctor,” he said.

    The exodus of medical professionals is compounded by the loss of international funding, which previously accounted for over 75 per cent of public spending. Human Rights Watch described the sharp decline in financial support as a “shock” to the economy and public health system. The group’s February report warned that insufficient health care has left Afghans vulnerable to disease and other health crises.

    For many Afghans, seeking treatment abroad is the only option, but it comes at a steep price. Those who cannot afford the journey or the cost of care are left to fend for themselves in a crumbling health-care system. The humanitarian crisis has also heightened the risk of outbreaks of preventable diseases like measles and cholera.

    Despite the challenges, some organisations continue to operate in Afghanistan, striving to fill the gaps left by fleeing professionals. However, without significant international support and a reversal of restrictive Taliban policies, the health-care system’s recovery seems unlikely.

    As Afghanistan’s health crisis deepens, the stories of those like Dr. Ahmadi and Dr. Hassani underscore the personal and societal toll of the Taliban’s rule. While they have found safety abroad, millions of Afghans remain trapped in a country where access to life-saving medical care is increasingly out of reach.

    Image: WHO Afghanistan

    India’s Groundwater Revival – 15 Billion Cubic Meters Recharged

    India’s collaborative efforts and initiatives like MGNREGS have led to significant improvements in groundwater recharge, quality, and management. With a focus on sustainability and innovation, these measures ensure a secure water future for generations to come.

    India experienced a significant increase of 15 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) recharge of groundwater since 2017, according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). In the meanwhile, extraction of groundwater decreased by 3 BCM compared to the 2017 assessment.

    This finding is contained in this year’s ‘National Compilation on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India, 2024’ published by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), in collaboration with State Groundwater Departments. The compilation releases the annual reports on groundwater resources.

    The document offers a comprehensive state-wise overview, serving as a foundation for effective policies and management strategies regarding ground water in the country.

    According to the latest report, the total annual groundwater recharge is assessed at 446.90 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM), with an extractable resource of 406.19 BCM and an annual extraction of 245.64 BCM. The report highlights increased recharge, mainly due to water bodies, tanks, and conservation structures and shows improvements in groundwater
    conditions in 128 units compared to 2023.

    According to Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) officials, this progress underscores the importance of understanding groundwater’s availability, usage, and the challenges ahead.

    “A single drop of water journeys across the land filtering through rocks and sand to become the invaluable resource we rely on — clean groundwater,” says the CGWB in a press release through the PIB. “This essential source supports life, fuels agricultural productivity and secures water for millions.”

    Recharge from Tanks, Ponds

    CGWB says that 2024 has seen positive advancements in several key areas. The total annual groundwater recharge from tanks, ponds and Water Control System (WCS) has shown a consistent increase in the last five assessments. In the year 2024, it has increased by 0.39 BCM with respect to 2023.

    With respect to the year 2017, there is an increase of 11.36 BCM in recharge from tanks, ponds and WCS (from 13.98 BCM in 2017 to 25.34 BCM in 2024).

    The percentage of overexploited assessment units have declined from 17.24 per cent in 2017 to 11.13 per cent in 2024.

    According to the CGWB, maintaining groundwater quality is just as crucial as its recharge for sustainable water management. Key pollutants such as Arsenic, Fluoride, Chloride, Uranium, and Nitrate pose serious health risks, either through direct toxicity or long-term exposure, the organisation says.

    To assess the critical areas impacted by contamination, the Annual Groundwater Quality Report for 2024 offers a comprehensive analysis of groundwater quality across India, drawing insights from data collected at over 15,200 monitoring locations and 4,982 trend stations. The report emphasises the importance of not only preserving groundwater but also ensuring its quality for effective, long-term water management.

    The report further reveals that 81 per cent of groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation, with 100 per cent of groundwater samples from the North-Eastern states being rated “excellent” for irrigation, underscoring the favourable conditions for agriculture in the region.

    MGNREGS Rocks

    The CGWB says that these positive outcomes are the result of collaborative efforts between state and central governments. The government of India has launched various initiatives to preserve water and ensure its availability for future generations. The report notes that the key schemes include:

    • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS): Includes water conservation and water harvesting structures, enhancing rural water security.
    • The 15th Finance Commission Grants: Provides financial assistance to states for rainwater harvesting and other water conservation activities.
    • Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): Launched in 2019, now in its 5th phase (“Catch the Rain” 2024), focusing on rainwater harvesting and water conservation across rural and urban districts through convergence of various schemes.
    • Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 2.0: Supports rainwater harvesting via stormwater drains and promotes groundwater recharge through ‘Aquifer Management Plans’.

    Apart from these schemes, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has formulated guidelines for the states to adopt measures suitable to local conditions, such as unified building bye laws (UBBL) of Delhi, 2016, model building bye laws (MBBL), 2016 and urban and regional development plan formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) guidelines, 2014 with focus on requirement of rainwater harvesting and water conservation measures.

    In addition, the Atal Bhujal Yojana (2020) targets water-stressed gram panchayats in 80 districts across seven states, focusing on groundwater management. Simultaneously, the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) aims to expand irrigation coverage and improve water use efficiency through components like Har Khet Ko Pani, the repair and renovation of water bodies, and surface minor irrigation schemes.

    Harvesting, Conservation and Augmenting

    The ministry of Jal Shakti set up the Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE) under the National Water Mission in 2022 to act as a facilitator for promotion of improving water use efficiency across various sectors namely irrigation, drinking water supply, power generation, industries, etc. in the country.

    Likewise, Mission Amrit Sarovar (2022) aims to create or rejuvenate 75 Amrit Sarovars in every district for water harvesting and conservation and the National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) completed by the CGWB for over 25 lakh sq. km, supports groundwater recharge and conservation plans.

    The master plan for artificial recharge of groundwater (2020) developed by CGWB, plans for 1.42 crore rainwater harvesting and recharge structures to harness 185 BCM of rainfall.

    Under the Ground Water Management and Regulation Scheme, the CGWB has implemented several successful artificial recharge projects in the country for demonstrative purpose which enable state governments to replicate the same in suitable hydro-geological conditions.

    The National Water Policy (2012) has been formulated by Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, which advocates rainwater harvesting and conservation of water and also highlights the need for augmenting the availability of water through direct use of rainfall.

    Likewise, the Watershed Development Component of PMKSY (WDC-PMKSY) focuses on rainfed and degraded lands, incorporating activities like soil conservation, rainwater harvesting, and livelihoods development.

    India’s collaborative efforts and key initiatives have led to significant improvements in groundwater recharge, quality, and management. With a focus on sustainability and innovation, these measures ensure a secure water future for generations to come.